Przywiązanie i osamotnienie w bliskich relacjach
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Opublikowane:
cze 25, 2019
Słowa kluczowe:
relacje romantyczne; style przywiązania; osamotnienie; przekaz wzorców
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Prezentowany artykuł porusza zagadnienie bliskich związków interpersonalnych w kontekście współczesnej kultury, wyodrębniając z niej dwa charakterystyczne zjawiska istotne dla relacji międzyludzkich: przywiązanie i osamotnienie. Przywiązanie jest opisywane na podstawie teorii J. Bowlby’ego oraz pochodnej od niej teorii stylów przywiązania w relacjach romantycznych C. Hazan i P. Shavera, wyodrębniającej trzy style: bezpieczny, lękowo-ambiwalentny i unikający. Osamotnienie jest rozpatrywane za R. Weissem na dwóch wymiarach: społecznym i emocjonalnym, przy czym aspekt emocjonalny osamotnienia jest kluczowym zjawiskiem w pozabezpiecznych stylach przywiązania. Szeroko przytaczane badania dowodzą, iż bezpieczne style przywiązania ukształtowane w dzieciństwie stanowią podstawowy czynnik warunkujący stabilne i satysfakcjonujące relacje, natomiast style unikający i lękowo-ambiwalentny destabilizują funkcjonowanie związków oraz w konsekwencji doprowadzają do niezadowolenia i osamotnienia partnerów. Najpoważniejszym efektem oddziaływania pozabezpiecznych stylów przywiązania i rosnącego poczucia osamotnienia jest pokoleniowy przekaz wzorców warunkujący nową jakość relacji i więzi międzyludzkich, w których naczelną wartość przyjmuje kultura indywidualizmu oraz nieustanne, nie zawsze satysfakcjonujące wybory.
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Bibliografia
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Deniz M.E., Hamarta E., ARI R. (2005). An Investigation of Social Skills and Loneliness Levels of University Students with Respect to Their Attachment Styles in a Sample of Turkish Students. Social Behavior and Personality, 33, 19-32.
Depaulo B. (2006). Singled Aut: How Singles are Stereotyped, Stigmatized, and Ignored, and Still Live Happily Ever after. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Dewall C.N., Pond R.S. (2011). Loneliness and Smoking: The Costs of the Desire to Reconnect. Self & Identity, 10 (3), 375-385.
Ditommaso E., Brannen-McNulty C., Ross L., Burgess M. (2003). Attachment Styles, Social Skills and Loneliness in Young Adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 303-312.
Dołęga Z. (1999). Poczucie samotności a zachowania agresywne uczniów. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 2, 146-153.
Downey G., Freitas A. L., Michaelis B., Khouri H. (1998). The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Close Relationships: Rejection Sensitivity and Rejection by Romantic Partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 545-560.
Dube S.R., Felitti V.J., Dong M., Giles W.H., Anda R.F. (2003). The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health Problems: Evidence from Four Birth Cohorts Dating Back to 1900. Preventive Medicine, 37(3), 268-277.
Duemmler S.L., Kobak R. (2001). The Development of Commitment and Attachment in Dating Relationships: Attachment Security as Relationship Construct. Journal of Adolescence, 24 (3), 401-415.
Erozkan A. (2011). The Attachment Styles Bases of Loneliness and Depression. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 3 (9), 186-193.
Feeney J.A., Kirkpatrick L.A. (1996). Effects of Adult Attachment and Presence of Romantic Partners on Physiological Responses to Stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 255-270.
Feeney J.A., Noller P. (1992). Attachment Style and Romantic Love: Relationship Dissolution. Australian Journal of Psychology, 44 (2), 69-74.
Felitti V.J., Anda R.F., Nordenberg D., Williamson D.F., Spitz A.M., Edwards V., Koss M.P., Marks J.S. (1998). Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14 (4), 245-258.
Fraiberg S., Adelson E., Shapiro V. (1975). Ghosts in the Nursery: A Psychoanalytic Approach to the Problems of Impaired Infant-Mother Relationships. Journal of Child Psychiatry, 14 (1), 387-421.
Gallo L.C., Smith T.W. (2001). Attachment Style in Marriage: Adjustment and Responses to Interaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 18, 263-289.
Giddens A. (2006). Przemiany intymności: seksualność, miłość i erotyzm we współczesnych społeczeństwach. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Gobin R.L. (2012). Partner Preferences among Survivors of Betrayal Trauma. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 13 (2), 152-174.
Gobin R.L., Freyd J.J. (2009). Betrayal and Revictimization: Preliminary Findings. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1 (3), 242-257.
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