Zniekształcenia pamięci jako następstwo wcześniejszej wiedzy oraz różnego sposobu kodowania informacji
Słowa kluczowe:
zniekształcenia pamięci; fałszywa pamięć; wiedza; kodowanie wyobrażeniowe
Abstrakt
Zniekształcenia pamięci stanowią istotny element w badaniach nad zjawiskami zachodzącymi w pamięci epizodycznej. W przeprowadzonych dwóch eksperymentach pokazano owe zniekształcenia w odniesieniu do materiału werbalnego, jakim był tekst literacki. Wpływ wcześniejszej wiedzy, sposób, w jakim kodowana była informacja – wyobrażeniowy vs pojęciowy – oraz obecność elementów percepcyjnych okazały się istotne dla powstania zjawiska fałszywej pamięci. Ponadto powstawanie zniekształceń analizowane było ze względu na różne możliwości dotarcia do zakodowanych informacji: przypominanie oraz rozpoznawanie. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na ukazanie, jak odmienne są to sposoby odzyskiwania informacji. Otrzymane rezultaty są zgodne z dotychczasowymi wynikami innych badań koncentrujących się wokół poznania mechanizmów prowadzących do powstawania zniekształceń.
Bibliografia
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Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22.
Garry, M., Manning, C., Loftus, E., Sherman, J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 208-214.
Gerrie, M. P., Garry, M., Loftus, E. (2005). False memories. W: N. Brewer, K. Williams (red.), Psychology and law: An empirical perspective (s. 222-253). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Gillund, G., Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
Gobbo, C. (2002). Occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions: Two separate research lines? European Psychologist, 7, 33-36.
Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371-395.
Graesser, A. C., Woll, S. B., Kowalski, D. J. (1980). Memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 503-515.
Halldorson, M., Singer, M. (2002). Inference processes: Integrating relevant knowledge and text information. Discourse Processes, 34, 145-161.
Holst, V., Pezdek, K. (1992). Scripts for typical crimes and their effects on memory for eyewitness testimony. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573-587.
Hyman, I., Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101-117.
Intraub, H., Bender, R., Mangels, J. (1992). Looking at pictures but remembering scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 180-191.
Intraub, H., Bodamer, J. L. (1993). Boundary extension: Fundamental aspect of pictorial representation or encoding artifact? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 1387-1397.
Intraub, H., Gottesman, C. V., Bills, A. J. (1998). Effects of perceiving and imagining scenes on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 186-201.
Intraub, H., Richardson, M. (1989). Wide-angle memories for close-up scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 179-187.
Johnson, M., Hastroudi, S., Lindsay, D. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Review, 114, 3-28.
Johnson-Laird, Ph. (1983). Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension. A construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95, 163-182.
Kintsch, W. (1994). Text comprehension, memory, and learning. American Psychologist, 49, 294-303.
Kruglanski, A., Webster, D. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “Freezing”. Psychological Review, 2, 263-283.
Lampinen, J. M., Copeland, S. M., Neuschatz, J. S. (2001). Recollections of things schematic: Room schemas revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 1211-1222.
Lampinen, J. M., Faries, J. M., Neuschatz, J. S., Togila, M. P. (2000). Recollections of things schematic: The influence of scripts on recollective experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 543-554.
Lindsay, D. S., Hagen, L., Read, J. D., Wade, K. A., Garry, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154.
Loftus, E., Pickrell, J. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
Long, D. L., Prat, C. S. (2002). Memory for star trek: The role of prior knowledge in recognition revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28, 1073-1082.
Long, D., Wilson, J., Hurley, R., Prat, C. (2006). Assessing text representation with recognition: The interaction of domain knowledge and text coherence. Journal of experimental psychology, 4, 816-827.
Macrae, C. N., Schloerscheidt, A. M., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B. (2002). Creating memory illusions: Expectancy – based processing and the generation of false memories. Memory, 10, 63-80.
Magliano, J. P., Trabasso, T., Graesser, A. C. (1999). Strategic processing during comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 615-629.
Maruszewski, T. (1996). Psychologia poznawcza. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Semiotyczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2000). Pojęcia. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 205-230). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2001). Psychologia poznania. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Mazzoni, G. (2001). Naturally occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions: The convergence of disparate research traditions. European Psychologist, 7, 17-30.
Mazzoni, G. (2002). Reply to the commentaries on “Occurring and Suggestion-Dependent Memory Distortions”. European Psychologist, 7, 36-38.
Neuschatz, J. S., Lampinen, J. M., Preston, E. L., Hawkins, E. R., Togila, M. P. (2002). The effect of memory schemata on memory and the phenomenological experience of naturalistic situation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 687-708.
Niedźwieńska, A. (2010). Błędy nadużycia schematu w materiale słownym i obrazowym. Studia Psychologiczne, 48, 41-51.
Pezdek, K., Whestone, T., Reynolds, K., Askari, N., Dougherty, T. (1989). Memory for real-world scenes: The role of consistency with schema expectation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 587-595.
Radvansky, G. (1999). Aging, memory, and comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 49-53.
Radvansky, G., Gerard, L., Zacks, R., Hasher, L. (1990). Younger and older adults’use of mental models as representations for text materials. Psychology and Aging, 5, 209-214.
Radvansky, G., Spieler, D., Zacks, R. (1993). Mental model organization. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 95-114.
Radvansky, G. A., Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L. (1996). Fact retrieval in younger and older adults: The role of mental models. Psychology and Aging, 11, 258-271.
Radvansky, G., Zwaan, R. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 162-185.
Radvansky, G., Zwaan, R., Curiel, D., Copeland, J. (2001). Situation models and aging. Psychology and Aging, 1, 145-160.
Roediger, H. L., McDermott, K. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 803-814.
Srull, T. K., Lichtenstein, M., Rothbart, M. (1985). Associative storage and retrieval processes in person memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11, 316-345.
Tuckey, M., Brewer, N. (2003). The influence of schemas, stimulus ambiguity and interview schedule on eyewitness memory over time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 101-118.
Van Dijk, T. A., Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.
Wade, K. A., Sharman, S. J., Garry, M. (2007). False claims about false memories. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 18-28.
Włodarski, Z. (1990). Z tajemnic ludzkiej pamięci. Warszawa: WSiP.
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441-517.
Zwaan, R., Madden, C. (2004). Updating situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30, 283-288.
Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., Graesser, A. C. (1995). Dimensions in situation models construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 386-397.
Zwaan, R. A., Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 162-185.
Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 417-423.
Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. W: G. H. Bower (red.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (vol. 8, s. 47-89). New York: Academic Press.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22.
Garry, M., Manning, C., Loftus, E., Sherman, J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 208-214.
Gerrie, M. P., Garry, M., Loftus, E. (2005). False memories. W: N. Brewer, K. Williams (red.), Psychology and law: An empirical perspective (s. 222-253). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Gillund, G., Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
Gobbo, C. (2002). Occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions: Two separate research lines? European Psychologist, 7, 33-36.
Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371-395.
Graesser, A. C., Woll, S. B., Kowalski, D. J. (1980). Memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 503-515.
Halldorson, M., Singer, M. (2002). Inference processes: Integrating relevant knowledge and text information. Discourse Processes, 34, 145-161.
Holst, V., Pezdek, K. (1992). Scripts for typical crimes and their effects on memory for eyewitness testimony. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573-587.
Hyman, I., Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101-117.
Intraub, H., Bender, R., Mangels, J. (1992). Looking at pictures but remembering scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 180-191.
Intraub, H., Bodamer, J. L. (1993). Boundary extension: Fundamental aspect of pictorial representation or encoding artifact? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 1387-1397.
Intraub, H., Gottesman, C. V., Bills, A. J. (1998). Effects of perceiving and imagining scenes on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 186-201.
Intraub, H., Richardson, M. (1989). Wide-angle memories for close-up scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 179-187.
Johnson, M., Hastroudi, S., Lindsay, D. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Review, 114, 3-28.
Johnson-Laird, Ph. (1983). Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension. A construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95, 163-182.
Kintsch, W. (1994). Text comprehension, memory, and learning. American Psychologist, 49, 294-303.
Kruglanski, A., Webster, D. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “Freezing”. Psychological Review, 2, 263-283.
Lampinen, J. M., Copeland, S. M., Neuschatz, J. S. (2001). Recollections of things schematic: Room schemas revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 1211-1222.
Lampinen, J. M., Faries, J. M., Neuschatz, J. S., Togila, M. P. (2000). Recollections of things schematic: The influence of scripts on recollective experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 543-554.
Lindsay, D. S., Hagen, L., Read, J. D., Wade, K. A., Garry, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154.
Loftus, E., Pickrell, J. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
Long, D. L., Prat, C. S. (2002). Memory for star trek: The role of prior knowledge in recognition revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28, 1073-1082.
Long, D., Wilson, J., Hurley, R., Prat, C. (2006). Assessing text representation with recognition: The interaction of domain knowledge and text coherence. Journal of experimental psychology, 4, 816-827.
Macrae, C. N., Schloerscheidt, A. M., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B. (2002). Creating memory illusions: Expectancy – based processing and the generation of false memories. Memory, 10, 63-80.
Magliano, J. P., Trabasso, T., Graesser, A. C. (1999). Strategic processing during comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 615-629.
Maruszewski, T. (1996). Psychologia poznawcza. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Semiotyczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2000). Pojęcia. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 205-230). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2001). Psychologia poznania. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Mazzoni, G. (2001). Naturally occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions: The convergence of disparate research traditions. European Psychologist, 7, 17-30.
Mazzoni, G. (2002). Reply to the commentaries on “Occurring and Suggestion-Dependent Memory Distortions”. European Psychologist, 7, 36-38.
Neuschatz, J. S., Lampinen, J. M., Preston, E. L., Hawkins, E. R., Togila, M. P. (2002). The effect of memory schemata on memory and the phenomenological experience of naturalistic situation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 687-708.
Niedźwieńska, A. (2010). Błędy nadużycia schematu w materiale słownym i obrazowym. Studia Psychologiczne, 48, 41-51.
Pezdek, K., Whestone, T., Reynolds, K., Askari, N., Dougherty, T. (1989). Memory for real-world scenes: The role of consistency with schema expectation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 587-595.
Radvansky, G. (1999). Aging, memory, and comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 49-53.
Radvansky, G., Gerard, L., Zacks, R., Hasher, L. (1990). Younger and older adults’use of mental models as representations for text materials. Psychology and Aging, 5, 209-214.
Radvansky, G., Spieler, D., Zacks, R. (1993). Mental model organization. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 95-114.
Radvansky, G. A., Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L. (1996). Fact retrieval in younger and older adults: The role of mental models. Psychology and Aging, 11, 258-271.
Radvansky, G., Zwaan, R. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 162-185.
Radvansky, G., Zwaan, R., Curiel, D., Copeland, J. (2001). Situation models and aging. Psychology and Aging, 1, 145-160.
Roediger, H. L., McDermott, K. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 803-814.
Srull, T. K., Lichtenstein, M., Rothbart, M. (1985). Associative storage and retrieval processes in person memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11, 316-345.
Tuckey, M., Brewer, N. (2003). The influence of schemas, stimulus ambiguity and interview schedule on eyewitness memory over time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 101-118.
Van Dijk, T. A., Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.
Wade, K. A., Sharman, S. J., Garry, M. (2007). False claims about false memories. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 18-28.
Włodarski, Z. (1990). Z tajemnic ludzkiej pamięci. Warszawa: WSiP.
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441-517.
Zwaan, R., Madden, C. (2004). Updating situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30, 283-288.
Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., Graesser, A. C. (1995). Dimensions in situation models construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 386-397.
Zwaan, R. A., Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 162-185.
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