Memory distortions as a result of prior knowledge and various ways of information encoding
Keywords:
memory distortions; false memory; knowledge; imaginative encoding
Abstract
False memories are well-established, episodic memory phenomena. In two experiments, memory distortions were found with regard to verbal material (prose excerpt). The study demonstrated strong influence of prior knowledge on memory for current information. Imaginative and non-imaginative ways of encoding information as well as the presence of perceptual elements were also crucial for creating false memory. Moreover, two different ways of retrieving information were analyzed: recall and recognition. The results are consistent with recent research focused on the mechanisms of memory distortions.
References
Alba, J. W., Alexander, S. G., Hasher, L., Caniglia, K. (1981). The role of context in the encoding of information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 283-292.
Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 417-423.
Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. W: G. H. Bower (red.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (vol. 8, s. 47-89). New York: Academic Press.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22.
Garry, M., Manning, C., Loftus, E., Sherman, J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 208-214.
Gerrie, M. P., Garry, M., Loftus, E. (2005). False memories. W: N. Brewer, K. Williams (red.), Psychology and law: An empirical perspective (s. 222-253). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Gillund, G., Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
Gobbo, C. (2002). Occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions: Two separate research lines? European Psychologist, 7, 33-36.
Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371-395.
Graesser, A. C., Woll, S. B., Kowalski, D. J. (1980). Memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 503-515.
Halldorson, M., Singer, M. (2002). Inference processes: Integrating relevant knowledge and text information. Discourse Processes, 34, 145-161.
Holst, V., Pezdek, K. (1992). Scripts for typical crimes and their effects on memory for eyewitness testimony. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573-587.
Hyman, I., Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101-117.
Intraub, H., Bender, R., Mangels, J. (1992). Looking at pictures but remembering scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 180-191.
Intraub, H., Bodamer, J. L. (1993). Boundary extension: Fundamental aspect of pictorial representation or encoding artifact? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 1387-1397.
Intraub, H., Gottesman, C. V., Bills, A. J. (1998). Effects of perceiving and imagining scenes on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 186-201.
Intraub, H., Richardson, M. (1989). Wide-angle memories for close-up scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 179-187.
Johnson, M., Hastroudi, S., Lindsay, D. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Review, 114, 3-28.
Johnson-Laird, Ph. (1983). Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension. A construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95, 163-182.
Kintsch, W. (1994). Text comprehension, memory, and learning. American Psychologist, 49, 294-303.
Kruglanski, A., Webster, D. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “Freezing”. Psychological Review, 2, 263-283.
Lampinen, J. M., Copeland, S. M., Neuschatz, J. S. (2001). Recollections of things schematic: Room schemas revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 1211-1222.
Lampinen, J. M., Faries, J. M., Neuschatz, J. S., Togila, M. P. (2000). Recollections of things schematic: The influence of scripts on recollective experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 543-554.
Lindsay, D. S., Hagen, L., Read, J. D., Wade, K. A., Garry, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154.
Loftus, E., Pickrell, J. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
Long, D. L., Prat, C. S. (2002). Memory for star trek: The role of prior knowledge in recognition revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28, 1073-1082.
Long, D., Wilson, J., Hurley, R., Prat, C. (2006). Assessing text representation with recognition: The interaction of domain knowledge and text coherence. Journal of experimental psychology, 4, 816-827.
Macrae, C. N., Schloerscheidt, A. M., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B. (2002). Creating memory illusions: Expectancy – based processing and the generation of false memories. Memory, 10, 63-80.
Magliano, J. P., Trabasso, T., Graesser, A. C. (1999). Strategic processing during comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 615-629.
Maruszewski, T. (1996). Psychologia poznawcza. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Semiotyczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2000). Pojęcia. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 205-230). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2001). Psychologia poznania. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Mazzoni, G. (2001). Naturally occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions: The convergence of disparate research traditions. European Psychologist, 7, 17-30.
Mazzoni, G. (2002). Reply to the commentaries on “Occurring and Suggestion-Dependent Memory Distortions”. European Psychologist, 7, 36-38.
Neuschatz, J. S., Lampinen, J. M., Preston, E. L., Hawkins, E. R., Togila, M. P. (2002). The effect of memory schemata on memory and the phenomenological experience of naturalistic situation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 687-708.
Niedźwieńska, A. (2010). Błędy nadużycia schematu w materiale słownym i obrazowym. Studia Psychologiczne, 48, 41-51.
Pezdek, K., Whestone, T., Reynolds, K., Askari, N., Dougherty, T. (1989). Memory for real-world scenes: The role of consistency with schema expectation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 587-595.
Radvansky, G. (1999). Aging, memory, and comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 49-53.
Radvansky, G., Gerard, L., Zacks, R., Hasher, L. (1990). Younger and older adults’use of mental models as representations for text materials. Psychology and Aging, 5, 209-214.
Radvansky, G., Spieler, D., Zacks, R. (1993). Mental model organization. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 95-114.
Radvansky, G. A., Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L. (1996). Fact retrieval in younger and older adults: The role of mental models. Psychology and Aging, 11, 258-271.
Radvansky, G., Zwaan, R. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 162-185.
Radvansky, G., Zwaan, R., Curiel, D., Copeland, J. (2001). Situation models and aging. Psychology and Aging, 1, 145-160.
Roediger, H. L., McDermott, K. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 803-814.
Srull, T. K., Lichtenstein, M., Rothbart, M. (1985). Associative storage and retrieval processes in person memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11, 316-345.
Tuckey, M., Brewer, N. (2003). The influence of schemas, stimulus ambiguity and interview schedule on eyewitness memory over time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 101-118.
Van Dijk, T. A., Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.
Wade, K. A., Sharman, S. J., Garry, M. (2007). False claims about false memories. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 18-28.
Włodarski, Z. (1990). Z tajemnic ludzkiej pamięci. Warszawa: WSiP.
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441-517.
Zwaan, R., Madden, C. (2004). Updating situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30, 283-288.
Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., Graesser, A. C. (1995). Dimensions in situation models construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 386-397.
Zwaan, R. A., Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 162-185.
Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 417-423.
Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. W: G. H. Bower (red.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (vol. 8, s. 47-89). New York: Academic Press.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22.
Garry, M., Manning, C., Loftus, E., Sherman, J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 208-214.
Gerrie, M. P., Garry, M., Loftus, E. (2005). False memories. W: N. Brewer, K. Williams (red.), Psychology and law: An empirical perspective (s. 222-253). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Gillund, G., Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
Gobbo, C. (2002). Occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions: Two separate research lines? European Psychologist, 7, 33-36.
Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101, 371-395.
Graesser, A. C., Woll, S. B., Kowalski, D. J. (1980). Memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 503-515.
Halldorson, M., Singer, M. (2002). Inference processes: Integrating relevant knowledge and text information. Discourse Processes, 34, 145-161.
Holst, V., Pezdek, K. (1992). Scripts for typical crimes and their effects on memory for eyewitness testimony. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573-587.
Hyman, I., Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101-117.
Intraub, H., Bender, R., Mangels, J. (1992). Looking at pictures but remembering scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 180-191.
Intraub, H., Bodamer, J. L. (1993). Boundary extension: Fundamental aspect of pictorial representation or encoding artifact? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 1387-1397.
Intraub, H., Gottesman, C. V., Bills, A. J. (1998). Effects of perceiving and imagining scenes on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 186-201.
Intraub, H., Richardson, M. (1989). Wide-angle memories for close-up scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 179-187.
Johnson, M., Hastroudi, S., Lindsay, D. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Review, 114, 3-28.
Johnson-Laird, Ph. (1983). Mental models. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension. A construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95, 163-182.
Kintsch, W. (1994). Text comprehension, memory, and learning. American Psychologist, 49, 294-303.
Kruglanski, A., Webster, D. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “Freezing”. Psychological Review, 2, 263-283.
Lampinen, J. M., Copeland, S. M., Neuschatz, J. S. (2001). Recollections of things schematic: Room schemas revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 1211-1222.
Lampinen, J. M., Faries, J. M., Neuschatz, J. S., Togila, M. P. (2000). Recollections of things schematic: The influence of scripts on recollective experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14, 543-554.
Lindsay, D. S., Hagen, L., Read, J. D., Wade, K. A., Garry, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154.
Loftus, E., Pickrell, J. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
Long, D. L., Prat, C. S. (2002). Memory for star trek: The role of prior knowledge in recognition revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28, 1073-1082.
Long, D., Wilson, J., Hurley, R., Prat, C. (2006). Assessing text representation with recognition: The interaction of domain knowledge and text coherence. Journal of experimental psychology, 4, 816-827.
Macrae, C. N., Schloerscheidt, A. M., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B. (2002). Creating memory illusions: Expectancy – based processing and the generation of false memories. Memory, 10, 63-80.
Magliano, J. P., Trabasso, T., Graesser, A. C. (1999). Strategic processing during comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 615-629.
Maruszewski, T. (1996). Psychologia poznawcza. Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Semiotyczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2000). Pojęcia. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 205-230). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Maruszewski, T. (2001). Psychologia poznania. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Mazzoni, G. (2001). Naturally occurring and suggestion-dependent memory distortions: The convergence of disparate research traditions. European Psychologist, 7, 17-30.
Mazzoni, G. (2002). Reply to the commentaries on “Occurring and Suggestion-Dependent Memory Distortions”. European Psychologist, 7, 36-38.
Neuschatz, J. S., Lampinen, J. M., Preston, E. L., Hawkins, E. R., Togila, M. P. (2002). The effect of memory schemata on memory and the phenomenological experience of naturalistic situation. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 687-708.
Niedźwieńska, A. (2010). Błędy nadużycia schematu w materiale słownym i obrazowym. Studia Psychologiczne, 48, 41-51.
Pezdek, K., Whestone, T., Reynolds, K., Askari, N., Dougherty, T. (1989). Memory for real-world scenes: The role of consistency with schema expectation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 587-595.
Radvansky, G. (1999). Aging, memory, and comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 49-53.
Radvansky, G., Gerard, L., Zacks, R., Hasher, L. (1990). Younger and older adults’use of mental models as representations for text materials. Psychology and Aging, 5, 209-214.
Radvansky, G., Spieler, D., Zacks, R. (1993). Mental model organization. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 95-114.
Radvansky, G. A., Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L. (1996). Fact retrieval in younger and older adults: The role of mental models. Psychology and Aging, 11, 258-271.
Radvansky, G., Zwaan, R. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 2, 162-185.
Radvansky, G., Zwaan, R., Curiel, D., Copeland, J. (2001). Situation models and aging. Psychology and Aging, 1, 145-160.
Roediger, H. L., McDermott, K. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 803-814.
Srull, T. K., Lichtenstein, M., Rothbart, M. (1985). Associative storage and retrieval processes in person memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11, 316-345.
Tuckey, M., Brewer, N. (2003). The influence of schemas, stimulus ambiguity and interview schedule on eyewitness memory over time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 101-118.
Van Dijk, T. A., Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.
Wade, K. A., Sharman, S. J., Garry, M. (2007). False claims about false memories. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 18-28.
Włodarski, Z. (1990). Z tajemnic ludzkiej pamięci. Warszawa: WSiP.
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441-517.
Zwaan, R., Madden, C. (2004). Updating situation models. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30, 283-288.
Zwaan, R. A., Magliano, J. P., Graesser, A. C. (1995). Dimensions in situation models construction in narrative comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 386-397.
Zwaan, R. A., Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 162-185.
Published
2019-03-29
Issue
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2011 Roczniki Psychologiczne
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
