The mechanisms of mental health and mental disorders in the dialogical self theory
Keywords:
dialogical self; mental health; psychological disorders; psychopathological mechanisms
Abstract
The paper presents the literature review on the mechanisms of mental health and mental disorders from the Dialogical Self Theory perspective. In its first part, the most important assumptions of the Dialogical Self Theory are presented, relevant to the understanding the health and psychopathology. In the second part, the following main determinants of mental health are described: (1) possessing sufficient self diversity; (2) the ability to be aware of possessing many I-positions; (3) the ability of different I-positions to engage in dialogical relations; (4) the presence of metaposition. In the third part of the article, key mechanisms responsible for the development of mental disorders are gathered, grouped and described. The following groups of those mechanisms have been distinguished: (1) primary impairment consisting in disturbances of dialogues among I-positions (absence of dialogue, disorganized dialogues, monologue, impoverished dialogues); (2) secondary impairment involving dysfunctions in the hierarchy of I-positions (silent positions, domination, lack of hierarchy, dysfunctional coalitions); (3) impaired functioning of metaposition. FInally, the practical utility of the presented understanding of psychopathology is discussed.
References
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Dimaggio, G. (2006). Disorganized narratives in clinical practice. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19, 103-108.
Dimaggio, G. (2011). Impoverished self-narrative and impaired self-reflection as targets for the psychotherapy of personality disorders. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41, 3, 165-174.
Dimaggio, G., Fiore, D., Salvatore, G., Carcione, A. (2007). Dialogic relationship patterns in narcissistic personalities: Session analysis and treatment implications. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 20, 1-29.
Dimaggio, G., Hermans, H. J. M., Lysaker, P. H. (2010). Health and adaptation in a multiple self. Theory and Psychology, 20, 3, 379-399.
Dimaggio, G., Norcross, J. C. (2008). Treating patients with two or more personality disorders: An introduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(January), 127-139.
Dimaggio, G., Salvatore, G., Azzara, C., Catania, D., Semerari, A., Hermans, H. (2003). Dialogical relationships in impoverished narratives: From theory to clinical practice. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, 76, 385-409.
Dimaggio, G., Salvatore, G., Catania, D. (2004). Strategies for the treatment of dialogical dysfunctions. W: H. J. M. Hermans, G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 190-204). Hove–New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A. (2004). Disorganized narratives: The psychological condition and its treatment. W: L. E. Angus, J. McLeod (red.), The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy (s. 263-282). London: Sage.
Dimaggio, G., Stiles, W. B. (2007). Psychotherapy in light of internal multiplicity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 2, 119-127.
Dryll, E., (2005). Tatuś, koleżanka, Kmicic, policjant i pies: identyfikacja głosów w dialogu wewnętrznym podmiotu. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 48, 1, 95-108.
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Hermans, H. J. M. (2001). Conceptions of self and identity: Toward a dialogical view. International Journal of Education and Religion, 2, 1, 43-62.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2002). The dialogical self as society of mind. Theory and Psychology, 12, 147-160.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2003). Clinical diagnosis as a multiplicity of self-positions: Challenging social representations theory. Culture and Psychology, 9, 4, 407-414.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2004). The dialogical self: Between exchange and power. W: H. J. M. Hermans, G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 13-28). Hove–New York: Brunner-Routledge.
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Hermans, H. J. M., Hermans-Jansen, E. (2000). Autonarracje. Tworzenie znaczeń w psychoterapii. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
Hermans, H. J. M., Hermans-Jansen, E. (2004). The dialogical construction of coalitions in a personal position repertoire. W: H. J. M. Hermans, G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 124-137). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Hermans, H. J. M., Kempen, H. J. G. (1993). The dialogical self. Meaning as movement. San Diego: Academic Press.
James, W. (1890/1980). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover.
Laing, R. D. (1965). The divided self. London: Penguin.
Lecky, P. (1945). Self-consistency: A theory of personality. New York: Island.
Leiman, M., Stiles, W. B. (2001). Dialogical sequence analysis and the zone of Proxima development as conceptual enhancements to the assimilation model: The case of Jan revisited. Psychotherapy Research, 11, 311-330.
Linell, P. (1990). The power of dialogue dynamics. W: I. Marková, K. Foppa (red.), The dynamics of dialogue (s. 147-177). New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Lysaker, P. H., Hermans, H. J. M. (2007). The dialogical self in psychotherapy for persons with schizophrenia. A case study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 2, 129-139.
Lysaker, P. H., Lysaker, J. T. (2001). Psychosis and the disintegration of dialogical-self structure. Problems posed by schizophrenia for the maintenance of dialogue. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 1, 23-33.
Lysaker, P. H., Lysaker, J. T. (2002). Narrative structure in psychosis. Schizophrenia and disruptions in the dialogical self. Theory and Psychology, 12, 207-220.
Lysaker, P. H., Lysaker, J. T. (2008). Schizophrenia and the fate of the self. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., & 79 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (2005). Personality Profiles of Cultures: Aggregate personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 3, 407-425.
McWilliams, N. (2009). Diagnoza psychoanalityczna. Gdańsk: GWP.
Oleś, P. K. (2008). O różnych rodzajach tożsamości oraz ich stałości i zmianie. W: P. K. Oleś, A. Batory (red.), Tożsamość i jej przemiany a kultura (s. 41-84). Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL–Polska Akademia Nauk.
Oleś, P. K. (2009). Czy głosy umysłu da się mierzyć? Skala Wewnętrznej Aktywności Dialogowej (SWAD). Przegląd Psychologiczny, 52, 1, 37-50.
Oleś, P., Brygoła, E. (2011). Świadomość dialogowa – implikacje dla zdrowia. W: M. Górnik-Durose, J. Mateusiak (red.), Psychologia zdrowia: konteksty i pogranicza (s. 109-121). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Oleś, P. K., Chmielnicka-Kuter, E. (2010). Ja dialogowe. W: M. Straś-Romanowska, B. Bartosz, M. Żurko (red.), Badania narracyjne w psychologii (s. 247-269). Warszawa: Eneteia.
Oleś, P. K., Puchalska-Wasyl, M. (red.) (2011). Dialog z samym sobą. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Puchalska-Wasyl, M. (2006). Nasze wewnętrzne dialogi. O dialogowości jako sposobie funkcjonowania człowieka. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
Puchalska-Wasyl, M., Chmielnicka-Kuter, E., Oleś, P. K. (2008). From internal interlocutors to psychological functions of dialogical activity. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 21, 3, 239-269.
Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. W: S. Koch (red.), Psychology: A study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context (s. 184-256). New York: McGraw Hill.
Rowan, J. (1991). Subpersonalities: The people inside us. London: Routledge.
Salvatore, G., Nicolò, G., Dimaggio, G. (2005). Impoverished dialogical relationship patterns in paranoid personality disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 59, 247-265.
Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Falcone, M., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M., Alleva, G. (2003). How to evaluate metacognitive functioning in psychotherapy? The metacognition assessment scale and its applications. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy, 10, 4, 238-261.
Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M. (2007). Understanding minds: Different functions and different disorders? The contribution of psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 1, 106-119.
Stemplewska-Żakowicz, K. (2002). Koncepcje narracyjnej tożsamości. Od historii życia do dialogowego Ja. W: J. Trzebiński (red.), Narracja jako sposób rozumienia świata (s. 81-113). Gdańsk: GWP.
Stemplewska-Żakowicz, K., Suszek, H., Kobylińska, D., Szymczyk, B. (2010). Explorations in the discursive mind. International Journal for the Dialogical Science, 4, 1, 81-94.
Stiles, W. B. (1999). Signs and voices in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 1-21.
Stiles, W. B., Osatuke, K., Glick, M. J., Mackay, H. C. (2004). Encounters between internal voices generate emotion: An elaboration of the assimilation model. W: H. Hermans, G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 91-107). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Suszek, H. (2011). Krytyka teorii Dialogowego Ja. W: P. Oleś, M. Puchalska-Wasyl (red.), Dialog z samym sobą (s. 394-429). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Trzebińska, E. (2011). Psychoterapeutyczna praca z subosobowościami. W: L. Grzesiuk, H. Suszek (red.), Psychoterapia. Szkoły i metody (s. 469-496). Warszawa: Eneteia.
Trzebińska, E., Dowgiert, A. (2005). Polipsychizm: pożytki i koszty związane z wielowymiarową tożsamością. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 48, 1, 75-94.
Wertsch, J. V. (1991). Voices of the mind. A sociocultural approach to mediated action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wygotski, L. S. (1989). Myślenie i mowa. Warszawa: PWN.
Berger, P. L., Luckmann, T. (1966/1983). Społeczne tworzenie rzeczywistości. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
Billig, M. (2002). The dialogic unconscious, Virtual Faculty, http://www.massey.ac.nz/~alock/ virtual/p-a4.htm (23.03.2002).
Block, J. (1961). Ego-identity, role variability, and adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 25, 392-397.
Dimaggio, G. (2006). Disorganized narratives in clinical practice. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19, 103-108.
Dimaggio, G. (2011). Impoverished self-narrative and impaired self-reflection as targets for the psychotherapy of personality disorders. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41, 3, 165-174.
Dimaggio, G., Fiore, D., Salvatore, G., Carcione, A. (2007). Dialogic relationship patterns in narcissistic personalities: Session analysis and treatment implications. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 20, 1-29.
Dimaggio, G., Hermans, H. J. M., Lysaker, P. H. (2010). Health and adaptation in a multiple self. Theory and Psychology, 20, 3, 379-399.
Dimaggio, G., Norcross, J. C. (2008). Treating patients with two or more personality disorders: An introduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(January), 127-139.
Dimaggio, G., Salvatore, G., Azzara, C., Catania, D., Semerari, A., Hermans, H. (2003). Dialogical relationships in impoverished narratives: From theory to clinical practice. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, 76, 385-409.
Dimaggio, G., Salvatore, G., Catania, D. (2004). Strategies for the treatment of dialogical dysfunctions. W: H. J. M. Hermans, G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 190-204). Hove–New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A. (2004). Disorganized narratives: The psychological condition and its treatment. W: L. E. Angus, J. McLeod (red.), The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy (s. 263-282). London: Sage.
Dimaggio, G., Stiles, W. B. (2007). Psychotherapy in light of internal multiplicity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 2, 119-127.
Dryll, E., (2005). Tatuś, koleżanka, Kmicic, policjant i pies: identyfikacja głosów w dialogu wewnętrznym podmiotu. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 48, 1, 95-108.
Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S. (1997). Multiple voices in process-experiential therapy: Dialogues between aspects of the self. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 7, 225-239.
Hermans, H. J. M. (1996). Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 31-50.
Hermans, H. J. M. (1999). Self-narrative as meaning construction: The dynamics of self-investigation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 10, 1193-1211.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2001). Conceptions of self and identity: Toward a dialogical view. International Journal of Education and Religion, 2, 1, 43-62.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2002). The dialogical self as society of mind. Theory and Psychology, 12, 147-160.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2003). Clinical diagnosis as a multiplicity of self-positions: Challenging social representations theory. Culture and Psychology, 9, 4, 407-414.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2004). The dialogical self: Between exchange and power. W: H. J. M. Hermans, G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 13-28). Hove–New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Hermans, H. J. M., Dimaggio, G. (2004). The dialogical self in psychotherapy. Hove–New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Hermans, H. J. M., Hermans-Jansen, E. (2000). Autonarracje. Tworzenie znaczeń w psychoterapii. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
Hermans, H. J. M., Hermans-Jansen, E. (2004). The dialogical construction of coalitions in a personal position repertoire. W: H. J. M. Hermans, G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 124-137). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Hermans, H. J. M., Kempen, H. J. G. (1993). The dialogical self. Meaning as movement. San Diego: Academic Press.
James, W. (1890/1980). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover.
Laing, R. D. (1965). The divided self. London: Penguin.
Lecky, P. (1945). Self-consistency: A theory of personality. New York: Island.
Leiman, M., Stiles, W. B. (2001). Dialogical sequence analysis and the zone of Proxima development as conceptual enhancements to the assimilation model: The case of Jan revisited. Psychotherapy Research, 11, 311-330.
Linell, P. (1990). The power of dialogue dynamics. W: I. Marková, K. Foppa (red.), The dynamics of dialogue (s. 147-177). New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Lysaker, P. H., Hermans, H. J. M. (2007). The dialogical self in psychotherapy for persons with schizophrenia. A case study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 2, 129-139.
Lysaker, P. H., Lysaker, J. T. (2001). Psychosis and the disintegration of dialogical-self structure. Problems posed by schizophrenia for the maintenance of dialogue. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 1, 23-33.
Lysaker, P. H., Lysaker, J. T. (2002). Narrative structure in psychosis. Schizophrenia and disruptions in the dialogical self. Theory and Psychology, 12, 207-220.
Lysaker, P. H., Lysaker, J. T. (2008). Schizophrenia and the fate of the self. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., & 79 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project (2005). Personality Profiles of Cultures: Aggregate personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 3, 407-425.
McWilliams, N. (2009). Diagnoza psychoanalityczna. Gdańsk: GWP.
Oleś, P. K. (2008). O różnych rodzajach tożsamości oraz ich stałości i zmianie. W: P. K. Oleś, A. Batory (red.), Tożsamość i jej przemiany a kultura (s. 41-84). Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL–Polska Akademia Nauk.
Oleś, P. K. (2009). Czy głosy umysłu da się mierzyć? Skala Wewnętrznej Aktywności Dialogowej (SWAD). Przegląd Psychologiczny, 52, 1, 37-50.
Oleś, P., Brygoła, E. (2011). Świadomość dialogowa – implikacje dla zdrowia. W: M. Górnik-Durose, J. Mateusiak (red.), Psychologia zdrowia: konteksty i pogranicza (s. 109-121). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Oleś, P. K., Chmielnicka-Kuter, E. (2010). Ja dialogowe. W: M. Straś-Romanowska, B. Bartosz, M. Żurko (red.), Badania narracyjne w psychologii (s. 247-269). Warszawa: Eneteia.
Oleś, P. K., Puchalska-Wasyl, M. (red.) (2011). Dialog z samym sobą. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Puchalska-Wasyl, M. (2006). Nasze wewnętrzne dialogi. O dialogowości jako sposobie funkcjonowania człowieka. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
Puchalska-Wasyl, M., Chmielnicka-Kuter, E., Oleś, P. K. (2008). From internal interlocutors to psychological functions of dialogical activity. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 21, 3, 239-269.
Rogers, C. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. W: S. Koch (red.), Psychology: A study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context (s. 184-256). New York: McGraw Hill.
Rowan, J. (1991). Subpersonalities: The people inside us. London: Routledge.
Salvatore, G., Nicolò, G., Dimaggio, G. (2005). Impoverished dialogical relationship patterns in paranoid personality disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 59, 247-265.
Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Falcone, M., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M., Alleva, G. (2003). How to evaluate metacognitive functioning in psychotherapy? The metacognition assessment scale and its applications. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy, 10, 4, 238-261.
Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M. (2007). Understanding minds: Different functions and different disorders? The contribution of psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 1, 106-119.
Stemplewska-Żakowicz, K. (2002). Koncepcje narracyjnej tożsamości. Od historii życia do dialogowego Ja. W: J. Trzebiński (red.), Narracja jako sposób rozumienia świata (s. 81-113). Gdańsk: GWP.
Stemplewska-Żakowicz, K., Suszek, H., Kobylińska, D., Szymczyk, B. (2010). Explorations in the discursive mind. International Journal for the Dialogical Science, 4, 1, 81-94.
Stiles, W. B. (1999). Signs and voices in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 1-21.
Stiles, W. B., Osatuke, K., Glick, M. J., Mackay, H. C. (2004). Encounters between internal voices generate emotion: An elaboration of the assimilation model. W: H. Hermans, G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 91-107). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Suszek, H. (2011). Krytyka teorii Dialogowego Ja. W: P. Oleś, M. Puchalska-Wasyl (red.), Dialog z samym sobą (s. 394-429). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Trzebińska, E. (2011). Psychoterapeutyczna praca z subosobowościami. W: L. Grzesiuk, H. Suszek (red.), Psychoterapia. Szkoły i metody (s. 469-496). Warszawa: Eneteia.
Trzebińska, E., Dowgiert, A. (2005). Polipsychizm: pożytki i koszty związane z wielowymiarową tożsamością. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 48, 1, 75-94.
Wertsch, J. V. (1991). Voices of the mind. A sociocultural approach to mediated action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wygotski, L. S. (1989). Myślenie i mowa. Warszawa: PWN.
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