Concepts of the European Union as an Actor on the International Stage and the Development of Activities in the Field of Foreign, Security and Defence Policy
Keywords:
European Union; concepts of an EU international actorness; Common Foreign and Security Policy; Common Security and Defence Policy
Abstract
The aim of the article is to analyse the European Union as an actor in the international arena from the point of view of the three most influential concepts, i.e. Europe as a civilian, normative and military power. Characterization is made taking into account the evolution of the Union's external activities ranging from failed attempts to initiate political integration in the 1950s until the period after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009. The European Union is treated as a new kind of power, whose value is derived from the use of economic and diplomatic instruments (a civilian power), attachment to the values and norms of international law (a normative power) and the limited use of military instruments in the form of Petersberg operations (a military power). The EU cannot fully play a significant role in the international arena. Restrictions in this regard derive from the lack of an adequate response by the EU to many current challenges internal (e.g. Brexit) or external challenges (e.g. the war in Syria and the influx of refugees to Europe). They are also the result of the fact that the European Union is treated as a hybrid structure, since it is derived from different sources, or consists of elements with different or opposite nature.
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Podraza A., Towards a New System of Global Democratic Governance: the Transatlantic Security Community and the Role in Democracy Promotion in the 21st Century, w: Global Challenges to the Transatlantic World, red. C. Crespo, D. Silander, D. Wallace, I. Albella, Alcala de Henares––Madrid: Instituto Franklin–UAH 2015, s. 73-84.
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Podraza A., Unia Europejska w procesie reform traktatowych, Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL 2007.
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Rada Europejska, Europejska Strategia Bezpieczeństwa. Bezpieczna Europa w lepszym świecie, Bruksela, 12.12.2003.
Rees W., The US-EU Security Relationship. The Tensions between a European and a Global Agenda, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2011.
Regelsberger E., The Euro-Arab Dialogue: Procedurally Innovative, Substantially Weak, w: Europe’s Global Links. The European Community and Inter-Regional Cooperation, red. G. Edwards, E. Regelsberger, London: Pinter Publishers 1990, s. 57-65.
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Romanova T., Normative Power Europe: A Russian View, w: Normative Power Europe in a Changing World: A Discussion, red. A. Gerrits, The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael 2009, s. 51-66.
Rosamond B., Theories of European Integration, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2000.
Sakwa R., The Death of Europe? Continental Fates after Ukraine, „International Affairs”, 91(2015), nr 3, s. 553-579.
Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe. A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy, 06.2016.
Sjursen H., What Kind of Power?, w: Civilian or Military Power? European Foreign Policy in Perspective, red. H. Sjursen, New York: Routledge 2007, s. 1-13.
Smith M., Still Rooted in Maastricht: EU External Relations as a ‘Third-generation Hybrid’, w: The Maastricht Treaty: Second Thoughts after 20 Years, red. T. Christiansen, S. Duke, Abingdon: Routledge 2013, s. 15-32.
Toje A., The European Union as a Small Power. After the Post-Cold War, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2011.
Wallace W., Political Cooperation: Integration through Intergovernmentalism, w: Policy-making in the European Community, red. H. Wallace, W. Wallace, C. Webb, Chichester: John Wiley 1983, s. 373-402.
Whitman R.G., Norms, Power and Europe: A New Agenda for Study of the EU and International Relations, w: Normative Power Europe: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, red. R.G. Whitman, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2011, s. 1-22.
Youngs R., The EU’s Role in World Politics. A Retreat from Liberal Internationalism, London: Routledge 2010.
Zielonka J., Europe as a Global Actor: Empire by Example?, „International Affairs”, 84 (2008), nr 3, s.471-484.
Zielonka J., Explaining Euro-Paralysis. Why Europe is Unable to Act in International Politics, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 1998.
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