Irish Party System after 2011: Change or Revolution?
Keywords:
Ireland; election; political system; party system
Abstract
Until recently the Irish party system has been considered as very stable. It was dominated by two rival conservative political parties. which only in the 1990s allowed the possibility of forming coalition governments with other parties. In 2011 there was a historical change – for the first time since 1932 Fianna Fáil lost the parliamentary elections with the worst result in history. However. the classical parameters of the dynamics of party systems did not adequately reflect this transformation. In the article. we argue that without taking into account significant socio-cultural changes. the method of system analysis. focused on data obtained on the basis of election results. remains an insufficient tool to describe the Irish party system. We reconstruct the most important events related to the evolution of this system between 2011 and 2016 and try to answer the question of how relevant political parties reacted to changing patterns of competition.
References
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Arnold, Bruce and Janson O’Toole. The End of the Party: How Fianna Fail Lost its Grip on Power. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2011.
Aughey, Artur. “Northern Ireland: 20 Years On.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 37(9)(2014): 815-823. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2014.931216.
Bachrynowski, Szymon. Między angielskim lwem a irlandzką harfą: myśl polityczna irlandzkiego ruchu republikańskiego. Kalisz: Wydawnictwo Uczelni Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Prezydenta Stanisława Wojciechowskiego, 2009.
Bisztyga, Andrzej. „System partyjny Republiki Irlandii.” Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis 3(2007): 123-151.
Boland, Tom. “Critical Discourse in the Media: The Liminality of Ireland’s ‘Celtic Tiger’.” Irish Journal of Sociology 18(1)(2010): 66-81.
Bowler, Shaun, and David M. Farrell. “The Lack of Party System Changre in Ireland in 2011,” in A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017: 83-101.
Central Statistics Office. Ireland. “Census of Population 2016.” Central Statistics Office & Government of Ireland, 2017. Accessed April 13, 2018. https://static.rasset.ie/documents/ news/census-2016-summary-results-part-1-full.pdf.
Clague, Julie. Irish Families Vote for Marriage Equality: Big Tent Catholicism Confronts Rome’s Narrow Gate.” Concilium 2(2016): 113-117.
Costello, Rory, Paul O’Neill, Robert Thomson. “The Fulfilment of Election Pledges by the Outgoing Government.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, 27-45. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Elkink, Johan A., David M. Farrell, Teresa Reidy and Jane Suiter. “Understanding the 2015 Marriage Referendum in Ireland: Constitutional Convention. Campaign. and Conservative Ireland.” In UCD Geary Institute for Public Policy Discussion Papers. Accessed April 13, 2018. http://www.ucd.ie/geary/static/publications/workingpapers/gearywp201521.pdf.
Elkink, Johan A., David M. Farrell, Teresa Reidy and Jane Suiter. “Understanding the 2015 Marriage Referendum in Ireland: Context. Campaign, and Conservative Ireland.” Irish Political Studies 32(3)(2017): 361-381. DOI: 10.1080/07907184.2016.1197209.
Farrell, David M., Jane Suiter. “The Election in Context.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, 277-292. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Gallagher, Michael. “Election Indices.” [Database] Department of Political Science – Trinity College Dublin 2018 Accessed by April 13, 2018. https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/people/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/ElectionIndices.pdf.
Gallagher, Michael. “The Results Analysed: The Aftershocks Continue.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh. 125-157. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Grzybowski, Stanisław. Historia Irlandii. Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 2003.
Herbut, Ryszard. Rodziny partii politycznych. In Demokracje zachodnioeuropejskie. Analiza porównawcza, edited by Andrzej Antoszewski and Ryszard Herbut. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2008.
Hick, Road. “From Celtic Tiger to Crisis: Progress. Problems and Prospects for Social Security in Ireland.” Social Policy & Administration 48(4)(2014): 394-412. DOI: 10.1111/spol.12067.
Kinsella, Stephen. “Was Ireland’s Celtic Tiger Period Profit-led or Wage-led?.” Review of Political Economy 25(4)(2013): 572-585. DOI: 10.1080/09538259.2013.837324.
Klimkiewicz, Sławomir. Republika Irlandii. Warszawa: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1979.
Konarski, Wawrzyniec. Pragmatycy i idealiści: rodowód. typologia i ewolucja ugrupowań politycznych nacjonalizmu irlandzkiego w XX wieku. Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa, 2001.
Konarski, Wawrzyniec. System konstytucyjny Irlandii. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2005.
Konarski, Wawrzyniec. Z problematyki systemu politycznego niepodległej Irlandii. Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Instytut Nauk Politycznych, 1988.
Mair, Peter and Liam Weeks. “The Party System.” In Politics in the Republic of Ireland, 4th ed., edited by John Coakley and Michael Gallagher, 135-159. London–New York: Routledge & PSAI Press, 2005.
Marsh, Michael. “After 2011: Continuing the Revolution.” In A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy, 192-207, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Marsh, Michael, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy. “Introduction: The 2011 Election in Context.” In A Conservative Revolution? Electoral Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by M. Marsh, David M, Farrell, and Gail McElroy, 1-10. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Mathea, Grzegorz. Bezpieczeństwo Wysp Brytyjskich w kontekście procesu pokojowego w Irlandii Północnej. Warszawa: Towarzystwo Naukowe Powszechne, 2017.
McElroy, Gail. “Party Competition in Ireland: The Emergence of a Left-Right Dimension?” In A Conservative Revolution? Electoral Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland. edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy. 61-82. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017.
Murphy, Gary. Electoral Competition in Ireland since 1987. The Politics of Triumph and Despair. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016.
Murphy, Gary. “The Background to the Election”. In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, 1-26. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Nohlen, Dieter. Prawo wyborcze i system partyjny. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. 2004.
O’Mahony, Conor. “Marriage Equality in the United States and Ireland: How History Shaped the Future.” University of Illinois Law Review, (2017), 681-711.
O’Malley, Eoin. “70 Days: Government Formation in 2016.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won. edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2016.
O’Malley, Eoin and Roland K. Carty. “A Conservative Revolution? The Disequilibrium of Irish Politics”. In A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy, 208-222. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
One Party Dominance. Fianna Fail and Irish Politics 1926-2016, edited by Sean McGraw and O’Malley. London–New York: Routledge, 2018.
Parker, Susan. The Path to Marriage Equality In Ireland: A Case Study. The Atlantic Philanthropies 2017. Accessed April 13, 2018. https://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/01/Marriage _Equality_Case_Study.pdf.
Paus, Eva. “The Rise and Fall of the Celtic Tiger: When Deal-Making Trumps Developmentalism.” Studies in Comparative International Development 47(2)(2012): 161-184. DOI: 10.1007 /s12116-012-9111-x.
Pędrak, Agnieszka. “Język polskich zbiorowości emigracyjnych w Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii: procesy adaptacji i derywacji.” Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica 51(1)(2017): 77-91.
Płachecki, Jarosław. System polityczny Irlandii. Ewolucja i współczesne wyzwania. Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2010.
Płachecki, Jarosław. “Kształtowanie się zrębów państwowości Irlandii: od osadnictwa celtyckiego do Unii z Wielką Brytanią w 1801 roku”. Rocznik Żyrardowski 6(2008): 47-76.
Sinnott, Richard. “The Rules of the Electoral Game.” In Politics in the Republic of Ireland, 4th, ed John Coakley and Michael Gallagher, 105-133. London–New York: Routledge & PSAI Press, 2005.
Supernat, Jerzy. “Samorząd terytorialny w Irlandii.” In Z problematyki prawnej samorządu terytorialnego: księga dla uczczenia 70. rocznicy urodzin oraz 45. rocznicy pracy naukowej Profesora Zbigniewa Janku, edited by Marek Szewczyk, 249-271. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, 2017.
Szczepaniak, Małgorzata. Irlandia – przemiany gospodarcze. Warszawa: CeDeWu, 2015.
Thomson, Robert. “The Malleable Nature of Party Identification.” In A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy, 123-142. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Tilley, James and John Garry. “Class Politics in Ireland: How Economic Catastrophe Realigned Irish Politics”. In A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland. edited by M. Marsh. David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy. 11-27. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017.
Toboła-Pertkiewicz, Paweł. De Valera. Gigant polityki irlandzkiej i jego epoka. Warszawa: Prohibita, 2015.
Tonge, Jonathan. “The Impact of Withdrawal from the European Union upon Northern Ireland.” The Political Quarterly 87(3)(2016): 338-342. DOI: 10.1111/1467-923X.12288.
Urbańczyk, Michał. “Alternatywne ordynacje wyborcze. Przykład Australii i Irlandii.” Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 14(3)(2016): 193-207.
Weeks. Liam “Independents and the Election: The Party Crashers.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh. Basingstoke, 207-226. Palgrave: Macmillan, 2016.
Arnold, Bruce and Janson O’Toole. The End of the Party: How Fianna Fail Lost its Grip on Power. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2011.
Aughey, Artur. “Northern Ireland: 20 Years On.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 37(9)(2014): 815-823. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2014.931216.
Bachrynowski, Szymon. Między angielskim lwem a irlandzką harfą: myśl polityczna irlandzkiego ruchu republikańskiego. Kalisz: Wydawnictwo Uczelni Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Prezydenta Stanisława Wojciechowskiego, 2009.
Bisztyga, Andrzej. „System partyjny Republiki Irlandii.” Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis 3(2007): 123-151.
Boland, Tom. “Critical Discourse in the Media: The Liminality of Ireland’s ‘Celtic Tiger’.” Irish Journal of Sociology 18(1)(2010): 66-81.
Bowler, Shaun, and David M. Farrell. “The Lack of Party System Changre in Ireland in 2011,” in A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017: 83-101.
Central Statistics Office. Ireland. “Census of Population 2016.” Central Statistics Office & Government of Ireland, 2017. Accessed April 13, 2018. https://static.rasset.ie/documents/ news/census-2016-summary-results-part-1-full.pdf.
Clague, Julie. Irish Families Vote for Marriage Equality: Big Tent Catholicism Confronts Rome’s Narrow Gate.” Concilium 2(2016): 113-117.
Costello, Rory, Paul O’Neill, Robert Thomson. “The Fulfilment of Election Pledges by the Outgoing Government.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, 27-45. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Elkink, Johan A., David M. Farrell, Teresa Reidy and Jane Suiter. “Understanding the 2015 Marriage Referendum in Ireland: Constitutional Convention. Campaign. and Conservative Ireland.” In UCD Geary Institute for Public Policy Discussion Papers. Accessed April 13, 2018. http://www.ucd.ie/geary/static/publications/workingpapers/gearywp201521.pdf.
Elkink, Johan A., David M. Farrell, Teresa Reidy and Jane Suiter. “Understanding the 2015 Marriage Referendum in Ireland: Context. Campaign, and Conservative Ireland.” Irish Political Studies 32(3)(2017): 361-381. DOI: 10.1080/07907184.2016.1197209.
Farrell, David M., Jane Suiter. “The Election in Context.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, 277-292. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Gallagher, Michael. “Election Indices.” [Database] Department of Political Science – Trinity College Dublin 2018 Accessed by April 13, 2018. https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/people/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/ElectionIndices.pdf.
Gallagher, Michael. “The Results Analysed: The Aftershocks Continue.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh. 125-157. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Grzybowski, Stanisław. Historia Irlandii. Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 2003.
Herbut, Ryszard. Rodziny partii politycznych. In Demokracje zachodnioeuropejskie. Analiza porównawcza, edited by Andrzej Antoszewski and Ryszard Herbut. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2008.
Hick, Road. “From Celtic Tiger to Crisis: Progress. Problems and Prospects for Social Security in Ireland.” Social Policy & Administration 48(4)(2014): 394-412. DOI: 10.1111/spol.12067.
Kinsella, Stephen. “Was Ireland’s Celtic Tiger Period Profit-led or Wage-led?.” Review of Political Economy 25(4)(2013): 572-585. DOI: 10.1080/09538259.2013.837324.
Klimkiewicz, Sławomir. Republika Irlandii. Warszawa: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1979.
Konarski, Wawrzyniec. Pragmatycy i idealiści: rodowód. typologia i ewolucja ugrupowań politycznych nacjonalizmu irlandzkiego w XX wieku. Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa, 2001.
Konarski, Wawrzyniec. System konstytucyjny Irlandii. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2005.
Konarski, Wawrzyniec. Z problematyki systemu politycznego niepodległej Irlandii. Warszawa: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Instytut Nauk Politycznych, 1988.
Mair, Peter and Liam Weeks. “The Party System.” In Politics in the Republic of Ireland, 4th ed., edited by John Coakley and Michael Gallagher, 135-159. London–New York: Routledge & PSAI Press, 2005.
Marsh, Michael. “After 2011: Continuing the Revolution.” In A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy, 192-207, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Marsh, Michael, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy. “Introduction: The 2011 Election in Context.” In A Conservative Revolution? Electoral Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by M. Marsh, David M, Farrell, and Gail McElroy, 1-10. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Mathea, Grzegorz. Bezpieczeństwo Wysp Brytyjskich w kontekście procesu pokojowego w Irlandii Północnej. Warszawa: Towarzystwo Naukowe Powszechne, 2017.
McElroy, Gail. “Party Competition in Ireland: The Emergence of a Left-Right Dimension?” In A Conservative Revolution? Electoral Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland. edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy. 61-82. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017.
Murphy, Gary. Electoral Competition in Ireland since 1987. The Politics of Triumph and Despair. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016.
Murphy, Gary. “The Background to the Election”. In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh, 1-26. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Nohlen, Dieter. Prawo wyborcze i system partyjny. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. 2004.
O’Mahony, Conor. “Marriage Equality in the United States and Ireland: How History Shaped the Future.” University of Illinois Law Review, (2017), 681-711.
O’Malley, Eoin. “70 Days: Government Formation in 2016.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won. edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2016.
O’Malley, Eoin and Roland K. Carty. “A Conservative Revolution? The Disequilibrium of Irish Politics”. In A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy, 208-222. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
One Party Dominance. Fianna Fail and Irish Politics 1926-2016, edited by Sean McGraw and O’Malley. London–New York: Routledge, 2018.
Parker, Susan. The Path to Marriage Equality In Ireland: A Case Study. The Atlantic Philanthropies 2017. Accessed April 13, 2018. https://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/01/Marriage _Equality_Case_Study.pdf.
Paus, Eva. “The Rise and Fall of the Celtic Tiger: When Deal-Making Trumps Developmentalism.” Studies in Comparative International Development 47(2)(2012): 161-184. DOI: 10.1007 /s12116-012-9111-x.
Pędrak, Agnieszka. “Język polskich zbiorowości emigracyjnych w Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii: procesy adaptacji i derywacji.” Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica 51(1)(2017): 77-91.
Płachecki, Jarosław. System polityczny Irlandii. Ewolucja i współczesne wyzwania. Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2010.
Płachecki, Jarosław. “Kształtowanie się zrębów państwowości Irlandii: od osadnictwa celtyckiego do Unii z Wielką Brytanią w 1801 roku”. Rocznik Żyrardowski 6(2008): 47-76.
Sinnott, Richard. “The Rules of the Electoral Game.” In Politics in the Republic of Ireland, 4th, ed John Coakley and Michael Gallagher, 105-133. London–New York: Routledge & PSAI Press, 2005.
Supernat, Jerzy. “Samorząd terytorialny w Irlandii.” In Z problematyki prawnej samorządu terytorialnego: księga dla uczczenia 70. rocznicy urodzin oraz 45. rocznicy pracy naukowej Profesora Zbigniewa Janku, edited by Marek Szewczyk, 249-271. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, 2017.
Szczepaniak, Małgorzata. Irlandia – przemiany gospodarcze. Warszawa: CeDeWu, 2015.
Thomson, Robert. “The Malleable Nature of Party Identification.” In A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland, edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy, 123-142. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Tilley, James and John Garry. “Class Politics in Ireland: How Economic Catastrophe Realigned Irish Politics”. In A Conservative Revolution? Electroal Change in Twenty-First-Century Ireland. edited by M. Marsh. David M. Farrell, and Gail McElroy. 11-27. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017.
Toboła-Pertkiewicz, Paweł. De Valera. Gigant polityki irlandzkiej i jego epoka. Warszawa: Prohibita, 2015.
Tonge, Jonathan. “The Impact of Withdrawal from the European Union upon Northern Ireland.” The Political Quarterly 87(3)(2016): 338-342. DOI: 10.1111/1467-923X.12288.
Urbańczyk, Michał. “Alternatywne ordynacje wyborcze. Przykład Australii i Irlandii.” Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 14(3)(2016): 193-207.
Weeks. Liam “Independents and the Election: The Party Crashers.” In How Ireland Voted 2016. The Election that Nobody Won, edited by Michael Gallagher and Michael Marsh. Basingstoke, 207-226. Palgrave: Macmillan, 2016.
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2020-04-29
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