Nuclear Weapons in the Strategy and Security Policy of the People’s Republic of China

Keywords: People’s Republic of China; nuclear weapons; security strategy; security policy; ballistic missiles

Abstract

The subject of the analysis is the location of nuclear weapons in the strategy and security policy of the People’s Republic of China. The aim of the article is to present and evaluate the importance of nuclear weapons to ensure China’s deterrence and defense ability against military threats. It discusses the evolution of the Chinese communist authorities’ approaches to nuclear weapons and the perception of its essence in modern times. This issue was considered in the strategic, political and theoretical dimension. The main thesis of the article is the statement that the importance of nuclear weapons has been systematically growing in the context of the need to provide China with greater defense and deterrence capabilities. The modernized nuclear arsenal and extended delivery systems are now very important factors in the promotion of China in the international security system. They give the PRC a psychological advantage in disputes and conflicts with its neighbors, as well as deterrent against the competitive United States.

References

Acton, James M. „Is China Changing Its Position on Nuclear Weapons?”, The New York Times, 18 April 2013. Dostęp 12.11.2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/19/opinion/is-china-changing-its-position-on-nuclear-weapons.html.

Akutsu, Hiroyasu. „The changing security dynamics in Northeast Asia and the US alliances with Japan and South Korea”. W: Mingjiang Li, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). China’s Power and Asian Security, 265–282. London, New York, Routledge, 2015.

Ali, Mahmud. „Peripheral South Asian response to the growth of Chinese power: a study in dichotomous continuity”. W: Mingjiang Li, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). China’s Power and Asian Security, 111–138. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Annual Report to Congress. Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2017. Washington DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2017. Us Dept of Defence. Dostęp 15.11. 2017. https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/ 2017_China_ Military_Power_ Report.pdf.

Art, Robert J. „The United States and the future global order”. W: Robert S. Ross, Øystein Tunsjø, Zhang Tuosheng (eds.). US–China–EU Relations. Managing the new world order, 7–25. London, New York: Routledge, 2010.

Auslin, Michael. „The US–Japan alliance and cloud cooperation: a new approach to maintaining stability in the Asia-Pacific”. W: Li Mingjiang i Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). New Dynamics in US–China Relations Contending for the Asia-Pacific, 207–216. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Bitzinger, Richard A. „China’s military buildup: regional repercussions”. W: Mingjiang Li, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). China’s Power and Asian Security, 42–62. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Bryc, Agnieszka. „Koncepcja bezpieczeństwa Federacji Rosyjskiej”. W: Ryszard Zięba (red.). Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe po zimnej wojnie, 62–82. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne, 2008.

Burr, William, Jeffrey T. Richelson. „Whether to ‘Strangle the Baby in the Cradle’: The United States and the Chinese Nuclear Program, 1960–64”. International Security 2000/01 Winter 25(30): 54–99.

Chase, Michael S., Andrew S. Erickson. „The Conventional Missile Capabilities of the Second Artillery Force: Cornerstones of Deterrence and Warfighting”. Asian Security 2012, July, 8, 2: 115–137.

Czaputowicz, Jacek. Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe. Współczesne koncepcje. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2012.

Dittmer, Lowell. „China and Obama: What Lies Ahead?”. W: Yufan Hao (ed.). Sino-American Relations. Challenges Ahead, 195–212. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Foot, Rosemary. „Strategy, politics, and world order perspectives: comparing the EU and US approaches to China’s resurgence”. W: Robert S. Ross, Øystein Tunsjø, Zhang Tuosheng (eds.). US–China–EU Relations. Managing the new world order, 212–232. London, New York: Routledge, 2010.

Garver, John W. „The US factor in Sino–Iranian energy relations”. W: David Zweig, Yufan Hao (eds.). Sino-US Energy Triangles. Resource diplomacy under hegemony, 207–225. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Gill, Bates. „Managing tensions and promoting cooperation: US–Europe approaches on security issues with China”. W: Robert S. Ross, Øystein Tunsjø, Zhang Tuosheng (eds.). US–China–EU Relations. Managing the new world order, 259–282. London, New York: Routledge, 2010.

Gill, Bates. Rising Star: China’s New Security Diplomacy. Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 2007.

Glaubitz, Joachim. „The China Threat — A European Perspective”. W: Herbert Yee, Ian Storey (eds.). The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, 115–128. London, New York: Routledge, 2002.

Hao, Yufan, David Zweig. „Introduction: Sino–US energy competition in resource rich states”. W: David Zweig, Yufan Hao (eds.). Sino-US Energy Triangles. Resource diplomacy under hegemony, 1–15. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Harnisch, Sebastian. „China’s historical self and its international role”. W: Sebastian Harnisch, Sebastian Bersick, Jörn-Carsten Gottwald (eds.). China’s International Roles, 38–58. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Harnisch, Sebastian, Sebastian Bersick, Jörn-Carsten Gottwald. „China’s role evaluation: domestics imperatives and foreign expectations”. W: Sebastian Harnisch, Sebastian Bersick, Jörn-Carsten Gottwald (eds.). China’s International Roles, 246–259. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Hoyt, Timothy D. „US–China cooperation: the role of Pakistan after the death of Osama bin Laden”. W: Jonathan H. Ping, Brett McCormick (eds.). China’s Strategic Priorities, 114–128. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Jaewoo, Choo. „China’s challenges in accommodating both Koreas”. W: Mingjiang Li, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). China’s Power and Asian Security, 231–248. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Jian, Yang. „Dealing with the US Congress: Beijing’s Learning Curve”. W: Yufan Hao (ed.). Sino-American Relations. Challenges Ahead, 41–58. London, New York, Routledge, 2016.

Jiang, Wenran. „The Japanese Assessment of the ‘China Threat’”. W: Herbert Yee, Ian Storey (eds.). The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, 150–165. London, New York: Routledge, 2002.

Jianwei, Li. „China, the US and maritime security in East Asia: a Chinese perspective”. W: Li Mingjiang, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). New Dynamics in US–China Relations Contending for the Asia- Pacific, 87–109. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Kizekova, Alica. „Chinese regionalism: balancing and constraint in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization”. W: Jonathan H. Ping, Brett McCormick (eds.). China’s Strategic Priorities, 129–147. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Lamy, Steven L. „Współcześnie dominujące podejścia badawcze: neorealizm i neoliberalizm”. Tłum. Mateusz Filary. W: John Baylis, Steve Smith (eds.). Globalizacja polityki światowej. Wprowadzenie do stosunków międzynarodowych, 249–274. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2008.

Lanteigne, Marc. Chinese Foreign Policy. An introduction, Third Edition. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Li, Mingjiang, Kalyan Kemburi, Zhang Hongzhou. „Growth of China’s power: capabilities, perceptions, and practice”. W: Mingjiang Li, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). China’s Power and Asian Security, 3–24. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Liegl, Markus B. China’s Use of Military Force in Foreign Affairs. The Dragon Strikes. London, New York: Routledge, 2017.

Maslow, Sebastian. „China and Japan: partner, rival, and enemy?”. W: Sebastian Harnisch, Sebastian Bersick, Jörn-Carsten Gottwald (eds.). China’s International Roles, 188–206. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Mann, James. About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton. New York: Vintage Books, 2000.

Mearsheimer, John J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001.

Men, Jing. „EU-China security relations”. W: Hoo Tiang Boon (ed.). Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi, 62–73. London, New York: Routledge, 2017.

Ministry of National Defence. China’s Military Strategy. Beijing: The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, 2015. Dostęp 10.11.2017. https://news. usni.org/2015/05/26/document-chinas-military-strategy.

Mohan, C. Raja. „The strategic triangle: India’s opportunities and challenges”. W: Li Mingjiang, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). New Dynamics in US–China Relations Contending for the Asia- Pacific, 217–228. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Ng, Ka Po. „The Xi Jinping imprint on the Chinese military”. W: Hoo Tiang Boon (ed.). Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi, 36–48. London, New York: Routledge, 2017.

Pollack, Jonathan D. „American Perceptions of Chinese Military Power”. W: Herbert Yee, Ian Storey (eds.). The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, 43–64. London, New York: Routledge, 2002.

Ranganathan, C.C. „The China Threat: A View from India”. W: Herbert Yee, Ian Storey (eds.). The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, 288–301. London, New York: Routledge, 2002.

Roberts, Guy. US Foreign Policy and China. Bush’s first term. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Ross, Robert S. Chinese Security Policy. Structure, Power and Politics. London, New York: Routledge, 2009.

Shaolei, Feng. „China–US–Russia Trilateral Relations and the Restructuring of the Global Order”. W: Yufan Hao (ed.). Sino-American Relations. Challenges Ahead, 127–140. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Shichor, Yitzhak. „Maximising output while minimising input: change and continuity in China’s Middle East policy”. W: Hoo Tiang Boon (ed.). Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi, 109–129. London, New York: Routledge, 2017.

Shichor, Yitzhak. „Much Ado about Nothing: Middle Eastern Perceptions of the ‘China Threat’”. W: Herbert Yee, Ian Storey (eds.). The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, 312–331. London, New York: Routledge, 2002.

Shichor, Yitzhak. „Sweet and sour: Sino–Saudi crude collaboration and US-crippled hegemony”. W: David Zweig, Yufan Hao (eds.). Sino-US Energy Triangles. Resource diplomacy under hegemony, 75–91. London, New York: Routledge, 2016.

Stojek, Jarosław. Chińska polityka nuklearna — sztuka wprowadzania w błąd?. psz.pl. PORTAL SPRAW ZAGRANICZNYCH. Dostęp 14.11.2017. http://www.psz.pl/117-polityka/ chinska-polityka-nuklearna-sztuka-wprowadzania-w-blad.

Swaine, Michael D., Nicholas Eberstadt, M. Taylor Fravel, Mikkal Herberg, Albert Keidel, Evans J.R. Revere, Alan D. Romberg, Eleanor Freund, Rachel Esplin Odell, Audrye Wong. Conflict and Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Strategic Net Assessment. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2015. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Dostęp 15.11.2017. http://carnegieendowment.org/ files/Brief-Net_Assessment_2.pdf.

Tai, Michael. US-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century. A question of trust. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

The PLA Navy. New Capabilities and Missions for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: United States Office of Naval Intelligence, 2015. FAS. Federation of American Scientists. Dostęp 10.11.21017. https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/plan-2015.pdf.

Walt, Stephen M. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1987.

Waltz, Kenneth N. „The Emerging Structure of International Politics”. International Security 1993, no. 2: 44–79.

Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House, 1979.

White, Hugh. The China Choice: Why America Should Share Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Yee, Herbert, Ian Storey. „Introduction”. W: Herbert Yee, Ian Storey (eds.). The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, 1–19. London, New York: Routledge, 2002.

Yuan, Jing Dong. „The coming US–China military showdown in Asia: why it could happen, and how it can be prevented”. W: Li Mingjiang, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). New Dynamics in US–China Relations Contending for the Asia- Pacific, 168–186. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Yuan, Jing Dong. „The rise of China and the emerging order in Asia”. W: Mingjiang Li, Kalyan M. Kemburi (eds.). China’s Power and Asian Security, 25–43. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Zha, Daojiong. „Debating Energy Security in China: Ideas and policy options”. W: Fengshi Wu, Hongzhou Zhang (eds.). China’s Global Quest for Resources. Energy, Food and Water, 42–58. London, New York: Routledge, 2017.

Zhang, Baohui. Nuclear Posture. State Security in an Anarchic International Order. London, New York: Routledge, 2015.

Zhao, Hong. „China’s Energy Quest in Southwest Asia: ‘Mercantilist Rise’ debated”. W: Fengshi Wu, Hongzhou Zhang (eds.). China’s Global Quest for Resources. Energy, Food and Water, 138–155. London, New York: Routledge, 2017.

Published
2019-10-24
Section
Articles