When the need for closure promotes complex cognition
Słowa kluczowe:
need for closure; cognitive strategy; social judgment; knowledge formation; information processing
Abstrakt
Lay epistemic theory is one of the most popular theoretical frameworks describing the knowledge formation process. According to it, the central variable determining the epistemic process is the need for cognitive closure. In most cases, high levels of this motivation are associated with simplified and accelerated processing of information. This can lead to an overly simplified understanding of this variable. In fact, there are reasons to believe that the typical relationship is reversed under certain circumstances. The paper is a review of the research supporting this prediction. Results were analyzed with particular emphasis on two postulates of the theory: the two phases of the epistemic process and the dual nature of the need for cognitive closure.
Bibliografia
Bar-Tal, Y. (1994). The effect on mundane decision-making of need and ability to achieve cognitive structure. European Journal of Personality, 8, 45-58.
Bar-Tal, Y., Kishon-Rabin, L., & Tabak, N. (1997). The effect of need and ability to achieve cognitive structuring on cognitive structuring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1158-1176.
Bar-Tal, Y., & Kossowska, M. (2010). The efficacy at fulfilling need for closure: The concept and its measurement. In J. P. Villanueva (Ed.), Personality traits: Classification, effects and changes (pp. 47-64). New York: Nova Publishers.
Bar-Tal, Y., Raviv, A., & Spitzer, A. (1999). The effect on coping of monitoring, blunting, and the ability to achieve cognitive structure. The Journal of Psychology, 133, 395-412.
Crocker, J., Hannah, D. B., & Weber, R. (1983). Person memory and causal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 55-66.
Erb, H.-P., Kruglanski, A. W., Chun, W. Y., Pierro, A., Mannetti, L., & Spiegel, S. (2003). Searching for commonalities in human judgment: The parametric unimodel and its dual mode alternatives. European Review of Social Psychology, 14, 1-47.
Evans, J. S. B. T. (1989). Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Ltd.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Freund, T., Kruglanski, A. W., & Shpitzajzen, A. (1985). The freezing and unfreezing of impressional primacy: Effects of the need for structure and the fear of invalidity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 479-487.
Houghton, D. C., & Grewal, R. (2000). Please, let’s get an answer – any answer: Need for consumer cognitive closure. Psychology & Marketing, 17(11), 911-934.
Jaśko, K., Czernatowicz-Kukuczka, A., Kossowska, M., & Czarna, A. (2015). Individual differences in response to uncertainty and decision making: The role of behavioral inhibition system and need for closure. Motivation and Emotion. doi: 10.1007/s11031-015-9478-x
Kosic, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2004). Social cognition of immigrants’ acculturation: Effects of the need for closure and the reference group at entry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 796-813.
Kossowska, M. (2005). Umysł niezmienny. Poznawcze mechanizmy sztywności. Cracow, PL: Jagiellonian University Press.
Kossowska, M., & Bar-Tal, Y. (2013). Need for closure and heuristic information processing: The moderating role of the ability to achieve the need for closure. British Journal of Psychology, 104(4), 457-480.
Kossowska, M., Dragon, P., & Bukowski, M. (2015). When need for closure leads to positive attitudes towards a negatively stereotyped outgroup. Motivation and Emotion, 39, 88-98.
Kossowska, M., & Jaśko, K. (2013). Need and ability in knowledge formation process. In D. Cervone, M. W. Eysenck, M. Fajkowska, & T. Maruszewski (Eds.), Personality dynamics: Embodiment, meaning construction, and the social world (pp. 109-123). Clinton Corners, NY: Eliot Werner Publications. Warsaw lectures on personality and social psychology, vol. 3.
Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York: Plenum.
Kruglanski, A. W. (1990). Lay epistemic theory in social cognitive psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 181-197.
Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). The psychology of closed mindedness. New York: Psychology Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., Dechesne, M., Orehek, E., & Pierro, A. (2009). Three decades of lay epistemics: The why, how, and who of knowledge formation. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 146-191.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay inferences: Effects of impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Mayseless, O. (1988). Contextual effects in hypothesis testing: The role of 742 competing alternatives and epistemic motivations. Social Cognition, 6, 1-21.
Kruglanski, A. W., Peri, N., & Zakai, D. (1991). Interactive effects of need for closure and initial confidence on social information seeking. Social Cognition, 9(2), 127-148.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Thompson, E. P. (1999). Persuasion by a single route: A view from the unimodel. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 83-109.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1991). Group members’ reactions to opinion deviates and conformists at varying degrees of proximity to decision deadline and of environmental noise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 212-225.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing”. Psychological Review, 103, 263-283.
Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M., & Klem, A. (1993). Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 861-876.
Mayseless, O., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1987). What makes you so sure? Effects of epistemic motivations on judgmental confidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 162-183.
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Miller, G. A. (2003). The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 141-144.
Neuberg, S. L., Judice, T. N., & West, S. G. (1997). What the Need for Closure Scale measures and what it does not measure: Toward differentiating among related epistemic motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1396-1412.
Neuberg, S. L., West, S. G., Judice, T. N., & Thompson, M. M. (1997). On dimensionality, discriminant validity, the role of psychometric analyses in personality theory, measurement: Reply to Kruglanski et al.’s defense of the Need for Closure Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1017-1029.
Popper, K. R. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Basic Books.
Roerts, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Kossowska, M., Pierro, A., & Hong, Y. (2015). The motivated gatekeeper of our minds: New directions in need for closure theory and research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. doi: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.01.001
Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2007). Separating ability from need: Clarifying the dimensional structure of the need for closure scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 266-280.
Roets, A., Van Hiel, A., & Cornelis, I. (2006). The dimensional structure of the Need for Cognitive Closure Scale: Relationships with “seizing‘‘ and “freezing‘‘ processes. Social Cognition, 24, 22-45.
Strojny, P. (2015). Cognitive sources of social knowledge formation process (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Jagiellonian University Institute of Psychology, Cracow, PL.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1130.
Vermeir, I., Van Kenhove, P., & Hendrickx, H. (2002). The influence of need for closure on consumer’s choice behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23(6), 703-727.
Wason, P. C. (1966). Reasoning. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), New horizons in psychology (pp. 113-135). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Webster, D. (1993). Motivated augmentation and reduction of the overattribution bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 261-271.
Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1049-1062.
Bar-Tal, Y., Kishon-Rabin, L., & Tabak, N. (1997). The effect of need and ability to achieve cognitive structuring on cognitive structuring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1158-1176.
Bar-Tal, Y., & Kossowska, M. (2010). The efficacy at fulfilling need for closure: The concept and its measurement. In J. P. Villanueva (Ed.), Personality traits: Classification, effects and changes (pp. 47-64). New York: Nova Publishers.
Bar-Tal, Y., Raviv, A., & Spitzer, A. (1999). The effect on coping of monitoring, blunting, and the ability to achieve cognitive structure. The Journal of Psychology, 133, 395-412.
Crocker, J., Hannah, D. B., & Weber, R. (1983). Person memory and causal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 55-66.
Erb, H.-P., Kruglanski, A. W., Chun, W. Y., Pierro, A., Mannetti, L., & Spiegel, S. (2003). Searching for commonalities in human judgment: The parametric unimodel and its dual mode alternatives. European Review of Social Psychology, 14, 1-47.
Evans, J. S. B. T. (1989). Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Ltd.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Freund, T., Kruglanski, A. W., & Shpitzajzen, A. (1985). The freezing and unfreezing of impressional primacy: Effects of the need for structure and the fear of invalidity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 479-487.
Houghton, D. C., & Grewal, R. (2000). Please, let’s get an answer – any answer: Need for consumer cognitive closure. Psychology & Marketing, 17(11), 911-934.
Jaśko, K., Czernatowicz-Kukuczka, A., Kossowska, M., & Czarna, A. (2015). Individual differences in response to uncertainty and decision making: The role of behavioral inhibition system and need for closure. Motivation and Emotion. doi: 10.1007/s11031-015-9478-x
Kosic, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2004). Social cognition of immigrants’ acculturation: Effects of the need for closure and the reference group at entry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 796-813.
Kossowska, M. (2005). Umysł niezmienny. Poznawcze mechanizmy sztywności. Cracow, PL: Jagiellonian University Press.
Kossowska, M., & Bar-Tal, Y. (2013). Need for closure and heuristic information processing: The moderating role of the ability to achieve the need for closure. British Journal of Psychology, 104(4), 457-480.
Kossowska, M., Dragon, P., & Bukowski, M. (2015). When need for closure leads to positive attitudes towards a negatively stereotyped outgroup. Motivation and Emotion, 39, 88-98.
Kossowska, M., & Jaśko, K. (2013). Need and ability in knowledge formation process. In D. Cervone, M. W. Eysenck, M. Fajkowska, & T. Maruszewski (Eds.), Personality dynamics: Embodiment, meaning construction, and the social world (pp. 109-123). Clinton Corners, NY: Eliot Werner Publications. Warsaw lectures on personality and social psychology, vol. 3.
Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York: Plenum.
Kruglanski, A. W. (1990). Lay epistemic theory in social cognitive psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 181-197.
Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). The psychology of closed mindedness. New York: Psychology Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., Dechesne, M., Orehek, E., & Pierro, A. (2009). Three decades of lay epistemics: The why, how, and who of knowledge formation. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 146-191.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay inferences: Effects of impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Mayseless, O. (1988). Contextual effects in hypothesis testing: The role of 742 competing alternatives and epistemic motivations. Social Cognition, 6, 1-21.
Kruglanski, A. W., Peri, N., & Zakai, D. (1991). Interactive effects of need for closure and initial confidence on social information seeking. Social Cognition, 9(2), 127-148.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Thompson, E. P. (1999). Persuasion by a single route: A view from the unimodel. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 83-109.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1991). Group members’ reactions to opinion deviates and conformists at varying degrees of proximity to decision deadline and of environmental noise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 212-225.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing”. Psychological Review, 103, 263-283.
Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M., & Klem, A. (1993). Motivated resistance and openness to persuasion in the presence or absence of prior information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 861-876.
Mayseless, O., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1987). What makes you so sure? Effects of epistemic motivations on judgmental confidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 162-183.
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Miller, G. A. (2003). The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 141-144.
Neuberg, S. L., Judice, T. N., & West, S. G. (1997). What the Need for Closure Scale measures and what it does not measure: Toward differentiating among related epistemic motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1396-1412.
Neuberg, S. L., West, S. G., Judice, T. N., & Thompson, M. M. (1997). On dimensionality, discriminant validity, the role of psychometric analyses in personality theory, measurement: Reply to Kruglanski et al.’s defense of the Need for Closure Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1017-1029.
Popper, K. R. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Basic Books.
Roerts, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Kossowska, M., Pierro, A., & Hong, Y. (2015). The motivated gatekeeper of our minds: New directions in need for closure theory and research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. doi: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.01.001
Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2007). Separating ability from need: Clarifying the dimensional structure of the need for closure scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 266-280.
Roets, A., Van Hiel, A., & Cornelis, I. (2006). The dimensional structure of the Need for Cognitive Closure Scale: Relationships with “seizing‘‘ and “freezing‘‘ processes. Social Cognition, 24, 22-45.
Strojny, P. (2015). Cognitive sources of social knowledge formation process (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Jagiellonian University Institute of Psychology, Cracow, PL.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1130.
Vermeir, I., Van Kenhove, P., & Hendrickx, H. (2002). The influence of need for closure on consumer’s choice behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23(6), 703-727.
Wason, P. C. (1966). Reasoning. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), New horizons in psychology (pp. 113-135). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Webster, D. (1993). Motivated augmentation and reduction of the overattribution bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 261-271.
Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1049-1062.
Opublikowane
2019-04-05
Numer
Dział
Artykuły
Copyright (c) 2016 Roczniki Psychologiczne
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
