The relationship between indicators of workaholism and burnout in specialists and managers
Słowa kluczowe:
workaholism; burnout syndrome; work–life imbalance; use of time; seniority
Abstrakt
The aim of the study was to: (1) confirm the expected positive relationships between workaholism and burnout syndrome; (2) explore the relationships between the indicators of workaholism, burnout, and seniority; (3) build and verify empirically the structural model in an attempt to structure the relationships between the studied variables. The verification of the hypothesis was conducted among white-collar workers of a large company operating in the Polish market. Of the indicators of workaholism, only work enjoyment and work–life imbalance – doing showed significant relationships with both components of burnout. The strongest negative predictor of burnout was work enjoyment. On the basis of correlation and regression analyses, the structural model explaining the variance in burnout syndrome was proposed and tested. Indicators of workaholism and seniority were the explanatory variables.
Bibliografia
Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J. i Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(3), 265-272.
Andreassen, C. S., Ursin, H. i Eriksen, H. R. (2007). The relationship between strong motivation to work, „workaholism” and health. Psychology and Health, 22(5), 615-629.
Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress and coping: New perspectives on mental and physical well- -being. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass.
Aziz, S., Uhrich, B., Wuensch, K. L. i Swords, B. (2013). The Workaholism Analysis Questionnaire: Emphasizing work-life imbalance and addiction in the measurement of workaholism. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 14(2), 71-86.
Aziz, S. i Zickar, M. J. (2006). A cluster analysis investigation of workaholism as a syndrome. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 52-62.
Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Ego depletion and self-control failure. An energy model of the self’s executive function. Self and Identity, 1(2), 129-136.
Beckers, D. G. J., van der Linden, D., Smulders, P. G. W., Kompier, M. A. J., van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. i van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Working overtime hours: Relations with fatigue, work motivation, and the quality of work. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(12), 1282-1289.
Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L. i Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationships of workaholism with work-life confict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(4), 469-477.
Borgogni, L., Galati, D., Petitta, L. i Centro Formazione A. Schweitzer (2005). Questionario di Check-up Organizzativo. Manuale. Firenze, Italy: Organizzazioni Speciali.
Burke, R. J. (1999). Workaholism in organizations: Gender differences. Sex Roles, 41(5-6), 333-345.
Burke, R. J. i Matthiesen, S. B. (2004). Workaholism among Norwegian journalists: Antecedents and consequences. Stress and Health, 20(5), 301-308.
Burke, R. J. i Ng, E. S. (2007). Workaholic behaviors: Do colleagues agree? International Journal of Stress Management, 14(3), 312-320.
Burke, R. J., Richardsen, A. M. i Martinussen, M. (2002). Psychometric properties of Spence and Robbins’ measures of workaholism components. Psychological Reports, 91(3f), 1098-1104.
Cwalina, W. (2000). Zastosowanie modelowania równań strukturalnych w naukach społecznych. W: Statystyka w badaniach naukowych oraz polska wersja Statistica Neural Network. Materiały na seminaria organizowane przez StatSoft Polska Sp. z o.o. 9 października 2000 r. w Warszawie (s. 15-23). Kraków: StatSoft Polska.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. i Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
De Vellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dudek, B. (2008). Pracoholizm – szkodliwy skutek nadmiernego zaangażowania w pracę. Medycyna Pracy, 59(3), 247-254.
Garson, G. D. (2012). Path analysis. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishers.
Golińska, L. (2008). Pracoholizm – uzależnienie czy pasja. Warszawa: Diffin.
Green, D. E., Walkey, F. H. i Taylor, A. J. W. (1991). The three-factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(3), 453-472.
Griffiths, M. D. (2005). Workaholism is still a useful construct. Addiction Research and Theory, 13(2), 97-100.
Guglielmi, D., Simbula, S., Schaufeli W. B. i Depolo, M. (2012). Self-efficacy and workaholism as initiators of the job demands-resources model. Career Development International, 17(4), 375-389.
Hamama, L. (2012). Burnout in social workers treating children as related to demographic characteristics, work environment, and social support. Social Work Research, 36(2), 113-125.
Hornowska, E. i Paluchowski, W. J. (2007). Praca – skrywana obsesja. Wyniki badań nad zjawiskiem pracoholizmu. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Juczyński, Z. (2008). Dylematy i kontrowersje wokół uzależnień. W: J. M. Brzeziński i L. Cierpiałkowska (red.), Zdrowie i choroba. Problemy teorii, diagnozy i praktyki (s. 190-212). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Kanai, A., Wakabayashi, M. i Fling, S. (1996). Workaholism among employees in Japanese corporation: An examination based on the Japanese – version Workaholism Scale. Japanese Psychological Research, 38(4), 192-203.
Klinger, E. i Cox, W. M. (2004). Motivation and the theory of current concerns. W: W. M. Cox i E. Klinger (red.), Handbook of motivational counselling: Concepts, approaches, and assessment (s. 3-27). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Lee, R. T. i Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123-133.
Malinowska, D. (2010). Wybrane motywacyjne i osobowościowe uwarunkowania różnych postaci pracoholizmu. Niepublikowana praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem dr hab. Aleksandry Tokarz, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków.
Malinowska, D. (2014). Pracoholizm. Zjawisko wielowymiarowe. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Malinowska, D., Jochymek, S. i Tokarz, A. (2011). Zdrowy pracoholizm? Rozważania o złożonej naturze pracoholizmu i jego związkach ze zdrowiem i jakością życia w różnych obszarach funkcjonowania człowieka. Referat wygłoszony na XXXIV Zjazd Naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego, Katowice, Polska.
Malinowska, D., Tokarz, A. i Gad, N. (2010). Wstępne badania nad adaptacją skali Workaholism Battery (WorkBAT) Spence i Robbins. Studia Psychologiczne, 48(3), 35-42.
Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Maslach, C. (1986). Stress, burnout and workaholism. W: R. R. Killberg, P. E. Nathan i R. W. Thoreson (red.), Professionals in distress: Issues, syndromes and solutions inpsychology (s. 53-73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Maslach, C. (1993/2000). Wypalenie – w perspektywie wielowymiarowej. W: H. Sęk (red.), Wypalenie zawodowe. Przyczyny, mechanizmy, zapobieganie (s. 13-31). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Maslach, C. i Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2), 99-113.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E. i Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory. Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C. i Schaufeli, W. B. (1993). Historical and conceptual development of burnout. W: W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach i T. Marek (red.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (s. 1-16). Washington: Taylor & Francis.
Masłowska, E. (2008). System wartości i kody etyczne jako determinanty wypalenia zawodowego nauczycieli i finansistów. Nieopublikowana praca magisterska. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków.
McMillan, L. H. W., Brady, E. C., O’Discroll, M. P. i Marsh, N. V. (2002). A mulifaced validation study of Spence and Robbins’ (1992) workaholism battery. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 357-368.
McMillan, L. H. W. i O’Discroll, M. P. (2004). Workaholism and health: Implications for organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(5), 509-519.
McMillan, L. H. W., O’Driscoll, M. P. i Brady, E. C. (2004). The impact of workaholism on personal relationships. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 32(3), 171-186.
Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L. i Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. The Construct of Workaholism, 136(1), 111-136.
Patel, A. S., Bowler, M. C., Bowler, J. L. i Methe, S. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of workaholism. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(11), 2-17.
Pines, A. M. (1993). Burnout: An existential perspective. W: W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach i T. Marek (red.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (s. 33-52). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Robinson, B. E. (1999). The Work Addiction Risk Test: Development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88(1), 199-210.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., Hoogduin, K., Schaap, C. i Kladler, A. (2001). On the clinical validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Burnout Measure. Psychology and Health, 16(5), 565-582.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., van der Heijden, F. M. M. A. i Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155-172.
Schaufeli, W. B. i Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion for research and practice: A critical analysis of theory, assessment, research, and interventions. London: Taylor & Francis.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C. i Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey. W: C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson i M. P. Leiter (red.), The Maslach Burnout Inventory – Test Manual (s. 22-26). PaloAlto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A. i Taris, T. W. (2009). Being driven to work exceptionally hard: The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(4), 320-348.
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. i van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 173-203.
Schaufeli, W. B. i van Dierendonck, D. (2000). Handleiding van de Utrechtse Burnout Schaal (UBOS). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets Test Services.
Smith, D. E. i Seymour, R. B. (2004). The nature of addiction. W: R. H. Coombs (red.), Handbook of addictive disorders: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment (s. 3-30). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spence, J. T. i Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, measurement, and preliminary Results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 160-178.
Szpitalak, M. (2012). Wielowymiarowy Kwestionariusz Oceny Pracoholizmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B. i Verhoeven, L. C. (2005). Workaholism in Netherlands: Measurement and implications for job strain and work-nonwork conflict. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(1), 37-60.
Tokarz, A., Malinowska, D. i Jochymek, S. (2014). Inwentarz Wykorzystania Czasu (IWCz) jako narzędzie wspomagające pomiar psychologicznych właściwości pracy: Opracowanie narzędzia, jego rzetelność i trafność (manuskrypt w przygotowaniu).
Van Beek, I., Hu, Q., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. i Schreurs, B. H. J. (2012). For fun, love, or money: What drives workaholic, engaged, and burned-out employees at work? Applied Psychology, 61(1), 30-55.
Van Beek, I., Taris, T. W. i Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Workaholic and work engaged employees: Dead ringers or worlds apart? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 468-482.
Van den Broeck, A., Schreurs, B., De Witte, H., Vansteenkiste, M., Germeys, F. i Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Understanding workaholics’ motivations: A self-determination perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60(4), 600-621.
Wojdyło, K. (2010). Pracoholizm: perspektywa poznawcza. Warszawa: Difin.
Wojdyło, K. (2013). Workcraving – teoria uzależnienia od pracy. Nauka, 3, 8-97.
Andreassen, C. S., Ursin, H. i Eriksen, H. R. (2007). The relationship between strong motivation to work, „workaholism” and health. Psychology and Health, 22(5), 615-629.
Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress and coping: New perspectives on mental and physical well- -being. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass.
Aziz, S., Uhrich, B., Wuensch, K. L. i Swords, B. (2013). The Workaholism Analysis Questionnaire: Emphasizing work-life imbalance and addiction in the measurement of workaholism. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 14(2), 71-86.
Aziz, S. i Zickar, M. J. (2006). A cluster analysis investigation of workaholism as a syndrome. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 52-62.
Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Ego depletion and self-control failure. An energy model of the self’s executive function. Self and Identity, 1(2), 129-136.
Beckers, D. G. J., van der Linden, D., Smulders, P. G. W., Kompier, M. A. J., van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. i van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Working overtime hours: Relations with fatigue, work motivation, and the quality of work. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(12), 1282-1289.
Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L. i Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationships of workaholism with work-life confict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(4), 469-477.
Borgogni, L., Galati, D., Petitta, L. i Centro Formazione A. Schweitzer (2005). Questionario di Check-up Organizzativo. Manuale. Firenze, Italy: Organizzazioni Speciali.
Burke, R. J. (1999). Workaholism in organizations: Gender differences. Sex Roles, 41(5-6), 333-345.
Burke, R. J. i Matthiesen, S. B. (2004). Workaholism among Norwegian journalists: Antecedents and consequences. Stress and Health, 20(5), 301-308.
Burke, R. J. i Ng, E. S. (2007). Workaholic behaviors: Do colleagues agree? International Journal of Stress Management, 14(3), 312-320.
Burke, R. J., Richardsen, A. M. i Martinussen, M. (2002). Psychometric properties of Spence and Robbins’ measures of workaholism components. Psychological Reports, 91(3f), 1098-1104.
Cwalina, W. (2000). Zastosowanie modelowania równań strukturalnych w naukach społecznych. W: Statystyka w badaniach naukowych oraz polska wersja Statistica Neural Network. Materiały na seminaria organizowane przez StatSoft Polska Sp. z o.o. 9 października 2000 r. w Warszawie (s. 15-23). Kraków: StatSoft Polska.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. i Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
De Vellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dudek, B. (2008). Pracoholizm – szkodliwy skutek nadmiernego zaangażowania w pracę. Medycyna Pracy, 59(3), 247-254.
Garson, G. D. (2012). Path analysis. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishers.
Golińska, L. (2008). Pracoholizm – uzależnienie czy pasja. Warszawa: Diffin.
Green, D. E., Walkey, F. H. i Taylor, A. J. W. (1991). The three-factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(3), 453-472.
Griffiths, M. D. (2005). Workaholism is still a useful construct. Addiction Research and Theory, 13(2), 97-100.
Guglielmi, D., Simbula, S., Schaufeli W. B. i Depolo, M. (2012). Self-efficacy and workaholism as initiators of the job demands-resources model. Career Development International, 17(4), 375-389.
Hamama, L. (2012). Burnout in social workers treating children as related to demographic characteristics, work environment, and social support. Social Work Research, 36(2), 113-125.
Hornowska, E. i Paluchowski, W. J. (2007). Praca – skrywana obsesja. Wyniki badań nad zjawiskiem pracoholizmu. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Juczyński, Z. (2008). Dylematy i kontrowersje wokół uzależnień. W: J. M. Brzeziński i L. Cierpiałkowska (red.), Zdrowie i choroba. Problemy teorii, diagnozy i praktyki (s. 190-212). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Kanai, A., Wakabayashi, M. i Fling, S. (1996). Workaholism among employees in Japanese corporation: An examination based on the Japanese – version Workaholism Scale. Japanese Psychological Research, 38(4), 192-203.
Klinger, E. i Cox, W. M. (2004). Motivation and the theory of current concerns. W: W. M. Cox i E. Klinger (red.), Handbook of motivational counselling: Concepts, approaches, and assessment (s. 3-27). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Lee, R. T. i Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123-133.
Malinowska, D. (2010). Wybrane motywacyjne i osobowościowe uwarunkowania różnych postaci pracoholizmu. Niepublikowana praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem dr hab. Aleksandry Tokarz, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków.
Malinowska, D. (2014). Pracoholizm. Zjawisko wielowymiarowe. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Malinowska, D., Jochymek, S. i Tokarz, A. (2011). Zdrowy pracoholizm? Rozważania o złożonej naturze pracoholizmu i jego związkach ze zdrowiem i jakością życia w różnych obszarach funkcjonowania człowieka. Referat wygłoszony na XXXIV Zjazd Naukowy Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego, Katowice, Polska.
Malinowska, D., Tokarz, A. i Gad, N. (2010). Wstępne badania nad adaptacją skali Workaholism Battery (WorkBAT) Spence i Robbins. Studia Psychologiczne, 48(3), 35-42.
Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Maslach, C. (1986). Stress, burnout and workaholism. W: R. R. Killberg, P. E. Nathan i R. W. Thoreson (red.), Professionals in distress: Issues, syndromes and solutions inpsychology (s. 53-73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Maslach, C. (1993/2000). Wypalenie – w perspektywie wielowymiarowej. W: H. Sęk (red.), Wypalenie zawodowe. Przyczyny, mechanizmy, zapobieganie (s. 13-31). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Maslach, C. i Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2), 99-113.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E. i Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory. Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C. i Schaufeli, W. B. (1993). Historical and conceptual development of burnout. W: W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach i T. Marek (red.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (s. 1-16). Washington: Taylor & Francis.
Masłowska, E. (2008). System wartości i kody etyczne jako determinanty wypalenia zawodowego nauczycieli i finansistów. Nieopublikowana praca magisterska. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków.
McMillan, L. H. W., Brady, E. C., O’Discroll, M. P. i Marsh, N. V. (2002). A mulifaced validation study of Spence and Robbins’ (1992) workaholism battery. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 357-368.
McMillan, L. H. W. i O’Discroll, M. P. (2004). Workaholism and health: Implications for organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(5), 509-519.
McMillan, L. H. W., O’Driscoll, M. P. i Brady, E. C. (2004). The impact of workaholism on personal relationships. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 32(3), 171-186.
Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L. i Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. The Construct of Workaholism, 136(1), 111-136.
Patel, A. S., Bowler, M. C., Bowler, J. L. i Methe, S. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of workaholism. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(11), 2-17.
Pines, A. M. (1993). Burnout: An existential perspective. W: W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach i T. Marek (red.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (s. 33-52). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Robinson, B. E. (1999). The Work Addiction Risk Test: Development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88(1), 199-210.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., Hoogduin, K., Schaap, C. i Kladler, A. (2001). On the clinical validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Burnout Measure. Psychology and Health, 16(5), 565-582.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., van der Heijden, F. M. M. A. i Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155-172.
Schaufeli, W. B. i Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion for research and practice: A critical analysis of theory, assessment, research, and interventions. London: Taylor & Francis.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C. i Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey. W: C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson i M. P. Leiter (red.), The Maslach Burnout Inventory – Test Manual (s. 22-26). PaloAlto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A. i Taris, T. W. (2009). Being driven to work exceptionally hard: The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(4), 320-348.
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. i van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 173-203.
Schaufeli, W. B. i van Dierendonck, D. (2000). Handleiding van de Utrechtse Burnout Schaal (UBOS). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets Test Services.
Smith, D. E. i Seymour, R. B. (2004). The nature of addiction. W: R. H. Coombs (red.), Handbook of addictive disorders: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment (s. 3-30). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spence, J. T. i Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, measurement, and preliminary Results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 160-178.
Szpitalak, M. (2012). Wielowymiarowy Kwestionariusz Oceny Pracoholizmu. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B. i Verhoeven, L. C. (2005). Workaholism in Netherlands: Measurement and implications for job strain and work-nonwork conflict. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(1), 37-60.
Tokarz, A., Malinowska, D. i Jochymek, S. (2014). Inwentarz Wykorzystania Czasu (IWCz) jako narzędzie wspomagające pomiar psychologicznych właściwości pracy: Opracowanie narzędzia, jego rzetelność i trafność (manuskrypt w przygotowaniu).
Van Beek, I., Hu, Q., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W. i Schreurs, B. H. J. (2012). For fun, love, or money: What drives workaholic, engaged, and burned-out employees at work? Applied Psychology, 61(1), 30-55.
Van Beek, I., Taris, T. W. i Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Workaholic and work engaged employees: Dead ringers or worlds apart? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 468-482.
Van den Broeck, A., Schreurs, B., De Witte, H., Vansteenkiste, M., Germeys, F. i Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Understanding workaholics’ motivations: A self-determination perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60(4), 600-621.
Wojdyło, K. (2010). Pracoholizm: perspektywa poznawcza. Warszawa: Difin.
Wojdyło, K. (2013). Workcraving – teoria uzależnienia od pracy. Nauka, 3, 8-97.
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