Wpływ aktywizacji perspektywy noetycznej na przetwarzanie informacji
Słowa kluczowe:
perspektywa noetyczna; duchowość; reprezentacja poznawcza; decyzje leksykalne; przetwarzanie informacji
Abstrakt
Celem prezentowanego artykułu było ukazanie istnienia reprezentacji umysłowych duchowości oraz możliwości aktywizacji tych reprezentacji poprzez transcendencję poza Ja, zdefiniowaną jako perspektywa noetyczna. Przedstawiono wyniki trzech eksperymentów z udziałem studentów (N = 186), w paradygmacie decyzji leksykalnych (LDT). W dwóch z nich testowano ponadto głębokość przetwarzania informacji, mierzoną za pomocą testu pamięciowego. Nie potwierdzono wyniku typowego dla procedury LDT – perspektywa noetyczna nie powodowała szybszego roz-poznawania słów z nią powiązanych niż słów z nią niepowiązanych. Natomiast aktywizacja perspektywy noetycznej w warunku zaangażowania uwagi przejawiła się lepszym zapamiętaniem zaktywizowanych przez nią treści oraz transferem pozytywnego afektu na skojarzone z nią obiekty.
Bibliografia
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Astin, J. (1997). Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomatology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66, 97-106.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26.
Baldwin, M. W. (1992). Relational schema and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 461-484.
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barbdollar, K., & Trotschel, R. (2001). The automated will. Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1014-1027.
Boski, P. (2009). Kulturowe ramy zachowań społecznych. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Christianson, S.-A. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 284-309.
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240-247.
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1972). How to make a language user. In E. Tulving, & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 309-351). New York: Academic Press.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
Constantine, R., McNally, R., & Horning, C. (2001). Snake fear and the pictorial emotional Stroop paradigm. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 757-764.
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.
Eliade, M. (1999). Sacrum i profanum. O istocie religijności. Warsaw: KR.
Emmons, R. A. (1999). Religion in the psychology of personality: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 67, 873-888.
Fallot, R. D. (1998). Spirituality and religion in recovery from mental illness. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 80, 1-105.
Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). Liking is for doing: The effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 557-572.
Frankl, V. E. (1978). Nieuświadomiony Bóg. Warsaw: PAX.
Frankl, V. E. (2012). Bóg ukryty. W poszukiwaniu ostatecznego sensu. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Czarna Owca.
George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. E. (2000). Spirituality and health: What we know, what we need to know. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(2), 102-116.
Gorbaniuk, O., Czarnecka, E., & Chmurzyńska, M. (2011). Taksonomia deskryptorów osobowych w języku polskim: Studium psycholeksykalne. Current Problems of Psychiatry, 12, 100-106.
Haidt, J. (2005/2007). Szczęście. Od mądrości starożytnych po koncepcje współczesne. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Heszen-Niejodek, I., & Gruszczyńska, E. (2004). Wymiar duchowy człowieka, jego znaczenie w psychologii zdrowia i jego pomiar. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 47, 15-31.
Heszen-Niejodek, I. (2006). Teoria stresu psychologicznego i radzenia sobie. In J. Strelau (Ed.), Psychologia (vol. 3, pp. 465-492). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinbauer, B. J. (2000). Conteptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30, 51-57.
Inquisit 3.0.4.0 [Software]. (2010). Seattle: Millisecond Software.
Joordens, S., & Besner, D. (1994). When banking on meaning is not (yet) money in the bank: Explorations in connectionist modeling. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1051-1062.
Just, M. A., Keller, T. A., & Cynkar, J. A. (2008). A decrease in brain activation associated with driving when listening to someone speak. Brain Research, 1205, 70-80.
Klatzky, R. L., & Ryan, A. S. (1978). Category – structure effects in picture comparisons. Perception & Psychophysics, 23, 193-204.
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press.
LaBar, K. S., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: Role of the medial temporal lobe in humans. Psychological Science, 9, 490-493.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1999). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology: Gainesville.
Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (2002). The role of awareness: Divergent automatic stereotype activation and implicit judgment correction. Social Cognition, 20, 321-351.
MacDonald, D. A. (2000). Spirituality: Description, measurement, and relation to the Five Factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 68, 153-198.
Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Jewell, T., Swank, A. B., Scott, E., Emery, E., & Rye, M. (1999). Marriage and the spiritual realm: The role of proximal and distal religious constructs in marital functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 321-338.
Martijn, C., Alberts, H. J. E. M., Merckelbach, H., Havermans, R., Huijts, A., & De Vries, N. K. (2007). Overcoming ego-depletion: The influence of exemplar priming on self-control performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 231-238.
Maslow, A. H. (1964). Religions, values, and peak-experiences. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
McIntosh, D. N. (1995). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and doping. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 1-16.
Meier, B. P., Hauser, D. J., Robinson, M. D., Friesen, C. K., & Schjeldahl, K. (2007). What’s “up” with God? Vertical space as a representation of the divine. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 699-710.
Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227-234.
Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58, 24-35.
Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 519-533.
Moors, A., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297-326.
Najder, K. (1997). Schematy poznawcze. In M. Materska, & T. Tyszka (Eds.), Psychologia i poznanie (pp. 38-60). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Nęcka, E., Orzechowski, J., & Szymura, B. (2006). Psychologia poznawcza. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Ozorak, E. W. (1997). In the eye of the beholder: A social cognitive model of religious belief. In B. Spilka, & D. N. McIntosh (Eds.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (pp. 194-203). Boulder: Westview Press.
Pichon, I., Boccato, G., & Saroglou, V. (2007). Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1032-1045.
Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality represents the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 67, 985-1013.
Piedmont, R. L. (2001). Spiritual transcendence and the scientific study of spirituality. Journal of Rehabilitation, 67, 4-14.
Piedmont, R. L. (2007). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale to the Philippines: Spirituality as a human universal. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10, 89-107.
Piedmont, R. L. (2010). Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES), Technical Manual (2nd ed.). Timonium, MD: Author.
Piedmont, R. L., Ciarrochi, J. W., Dy-Liacco, G. S., & Williams, J. E. G. (2009). The empirical and conceptual value of the Spiritual Transcendence and Religious Involvement scales for personality research. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1, 162-179.
Piedmont, R. L., Kennedy, M. C., Sherman, M. F., Sherman, N. C., & Williams, J. E. G. (2008). A psychometric evaluation of the Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale: Short form. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 19, 163-181.
Piedmont, R. L., & Leach, M. M. (2002). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale in India. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 1886-1899.
Piedmont, R. L., Werdel, M. B., & Fernando, M. (2009). The utility of the Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale with Christians and Buddhists in Sri Lanka. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 20, 131-143.
Popielski, K. (1994). Noetyczny wymiar osobowości. Psychologiczna analiza poczucia sensu życia. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Popielski, K. (1999). Noopsychomatyka: Propozycja nowego podejścia diagnostyczno-terapeutycznego. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 42(4), 17-41.
Posner, M. I., & Snyder C. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Randolph-Seng, B., & Nielsen, M. E. (2007). Honesty: One effect of primed religious representations. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 303-315.
Różycka, J., & Skrzypińska, K. (2011). Perspektywa noetyczna w psychologicznym funkcjonowaniu człowieka. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 14(1), 101-121.
Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2007). God is watching you. Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18, 803-809.
Socha, P. (Ed.) (2000). Duchowy rozwój człowieka. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Wachholtz, A. B., & Pargament, K. I. (2008). Migraines and meditation: Does spirituality matter? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 351-366.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Alexander, C. N., Rainforth, M. V., & Gelderloos, P. (1991). Transcendental meditation, self actualization, and psychological health: A conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 189-247.
Astin, J. (1997). Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomatology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66, 97-106.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26.
Baldwin, M. W. (1992). Relational schema and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 461-484.
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barbdollar, K., & Trotschel, R. (2001). The automated will. Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1014-1027.
Boski, P. (2009). Kulturowe ramy zachowań społecznych. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Christianson, S.-A. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 284-309.
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240-247.
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1972). How to make a language user. In E. Tulving, & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 309-351). New York: Academic Press.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
Constantine, R., McNally, R., & Horning, C. (2001). Snake fear and the pictorial emotional Stroop paradigm. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 757-764.
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.
Eliade, M. (1999). Sacrum i profanum. O istocie religijności. Warsaw: KR.
Emmons, R. A. (1999). Religion in the psychology of personality: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 67, 873-888.
Fallot, R. D. (1998). Spirituality and religion in recovery from mental illness. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 80, 1-105.
Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). Liking is for doing: The effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 557-572.
Frankl, V. E. (1978). Nieuświadomiony Bóg. Warsaw: PAX.
Frankl, V. E. (2012). Bóg ukryty. W poszukiwaniu ostatecznego sensu. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Czarna Owca.
George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. E. (2000). Spirituality and health: What we know, what we need to know. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(2), 102-116.
Gorbaniuk, O., Czarnecka, E., & Chmurzyńska, M. (2011). Taksonomia deskryptorów osobowych w języku polskim: Studium psycholeksykalne. Current Problems of Psychiatry, 12, 100-106.
Haidt, J. (2005/2007). Szczęście. Od mądrości starożytnych po koncepcje współczesne. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Heszen-Niejodek, I., & Gruszczyńska, E. (2004). Wymiar duchowy człowieka, jego znaczenie w psychologii zdrowia i jego pomiar. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 47, 15-31.
Heszen-Niejodek, I. (2006). Teoria stresu psychologicznego i radzenia sobie. In J. Strelau (Ed.), Psychologia (vol. 3, pp. 465-492). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinbauer, B. J. (2000). Conteptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30, 51-57.
Inquisit 3.0.4.0 [Software]. (2010). Seattle: Millisecond Software.
Joordens, S., & Besner, D. (1994). When banking on meaning is not (yet) money in the bank: Explorations in connectionist modeling. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1051-1062.
Just, M. A., Keller, T. A., & Cynkar, J. A. (2008). A decrease in brain activation associated with driving when listening to someone speak. Brain Research, 1205, 70-80.
Klatzky, R. L., & Ryan, A. S. (1978). Category – structure effects in picture comparisons. Perception & Psychophysics, 23, 193-204.
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York: Oxford University Press.
LaBar, K. S., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: Role of the medial temporal lobe in humans. Psychological Science, 9, 490-493.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1999). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology: Gainesville.
Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (2002). The role of awareness: Divergent automatic stereotype activation and implicit judgment correction. Social Cognition, 20, 321-351.
MacDonald, D. A. (2000). Spirituality: Description, measurement, and relation to the Five Factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 68, 153-198.
Mahoney, A., Pargament, K. I., Jewell, T., Swank, A. B., Scott, E., Emery, E., & Rye, M. (1999). Marriage and the spiritual realm: The role of proximal and distal religious constructs in marital functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 13, 321-338.
Martijn, C., Alberts, H. J. E. M., Merckelbach, H., Havermans, R., Huijts, A., & De Vries, N. K. (2007). Overcoming ego-depletion: The influence of exemplar priming on self-control performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 231-238.
Maslow, A. H. (1964). Religions, values, and peak-experiences. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
McIntosh, D. N. (1995). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and doping. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 1-16.
Meier, B. P., Hauser, D. J., Robinson, M. D., Friesen, C. K., & Schjeldahl, K. (2007). What’s “up” with God? Vertical space as a representation of the divine. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 699-710.
Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227-234.
Miller, W. R., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58, 24-35.
Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 519-533.
Moors, A., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297-326.
Najder, K. (1997). Schematy poznawcze. In M. Materska, & T. Tyszka (Eds.), Psychologia i poznanie (pp. 38-60). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Nęcka, E., Orzechowski, J., & Szymura, B. (2006). Psychologia poznawcza. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Ozorak, E. W. (1997). In the eye of the beholder: A social cognitive model of religious belief. In B. Spilka, & D. N. McIntosh (Eds.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (pp. 194-203). Boulder: Westview Press.
Pichon, I., Boccato, G., & Saroglou, V. (2007). Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: A priming study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1032-1045.
Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality represents the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 67, 985-1013.
Piedmont, R. L. (2001). Spiritual transcendence and the scientific study of spirituality. Journal of Rehabilitation, 67, 4-14.
Piedmont, R. L. (2007). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale to the Philippines: Spirituality as a human universal. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10, 89-107.
Piedmont, R. L. (2010). Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES), Technical Manual (2nd ed.). Timonium, MD: Author.
Piedmont, R. L., Ciarrochi, J. W., Dy-Liacco, G. S., & Williams, J. E. G. (2009). The empirical and conceptual value of the Spiritual Transcendence and Religious Involvement scales for personality research. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1, 162-179.
Piedmont, R. L., Kennedy, M. C., Sherman, M. F., Sherman, N. C., & Williams, J. E. G. (2008). A psychometric evaluation of the Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale: Short form. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 19, 163-181.
Piedmont, R. L., & Leach, M. M. (2002). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Spiritual Transcendence Scale in India. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 1886-1899.
Piedmont, R. L., Werdel, M. B., & Fernando, M. (2009). The utility of the Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale with Christians and Buddhists in Sri Lanka. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 20, 131-143.
Popielski, K. (1994). Noetyczny wymiar osobowości. Psychologiczna analiza poczucia sensu życia. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Popielski, K. (1999). Noopsychomatyka: Propozycja nowego podejścia diagnostyczno-terapeutycznego. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 42(4), 17-41.
Posner, M. I., & Snyder C. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Randolph-Seng, B., & Nielsen, M. E. (2007). Honesty: One effect of primed religious representations. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17, 303-315.
Różycka, J., & Skrzypińska, K. (2011). Perspektywa noetyczna w psychologicznym funkcjonowaniu człowieka. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 14(1), 101-121.
Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2007). God is watching you. Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18, 803-809.
Socha, P. (Ed.) (2000). Duchowy rozwój człowieka. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Wachholtz, A. B., & Pargament, K. I. (2008). Migraines and meditation: Does spirituality matter? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 351-366.
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