Psychologiczne aspekty tatuowania się
Słowa kluczowe:
modyfikacje ciała; tatuaż; motywacja; osobowość; tożsamość
Abstrakt
Tatuaż praktykowany był niemal w każdej zbiorowości ludzkiej i często jego funkcje oraz stojące za nimi motywacje znacznie się różniły. Po długim okresie negatywnej stygmatyzacji poddawanie się praktykom tatuowania stało się w ostatniej dekadzie modne. Celem tego artykułu jest zebranie dostępnych wyników badań nad fenomenem tatuażu, przybliżenie motywacyjnych aspektów podejmowania tych praktyk związków relacji między tatuowaniem a samookaleczeniem, a także zaprezentowanie badań nad cechami osób poddających się tym zabiegom oraz związkom tatuowania z tożsamością. Oddzielnie potraktowany został temat roli, jaką tatuaż odgrywa w indywidualnych projektach tożsamościowych, oraz wpływ tatuażu na poczucie przynależności grupowej. Ponadto została podjęta próba postawienia nowych pytań badawczych.
Bibliografia
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Armstrong, M. L., McConnell, C. (1994). Tattooing in adolescents: More common than you think – the phenomenon and risks. Journal of School Nursing, 10, 26-33.
Armstrong, M. L., Owen, D. C., Roberts, A. E., Koch, J. R. (2002). College tattoos: More than skin deep. Dermatology Nursing, 14, 317-323.
Armstrong, M. L., Stuppy, D. J., Gabriel, D. C., Anderson, R. R. (1996). Motivation for tattoo removal. Archives of Dermatology, 40, 22-29.
Atkinson, M. (2002). Pretty in ink: Conformity, resistance, and negotiation in women’s tattooing. Sex Roles, 47, 219-235.
Atkinson, M., Young, K. (2001). Flesh journey: Neo primitives and the contemporary rediscovery of radical body modification. Deviant Behavior, 22, 117-146.
Bekhor, P. S., Bekhor, L., Gandrabur, M. (1995). Employer attitudes toward persons with visible tattoos. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 36, 75-77.
Billing, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D., Radley, A. (1988). Ideological dilemmas: A social psychology of everyday thinking. London: Sage.
Brooks, T. L., Woods, E. R., Knight, J. R., Shrier, L. A. (2003). Body modification and substance use in adolescents: Is there a link? Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 44-49.
Byrne, D. (1969). Attitudes and attraction. W: L. Berkowitz (red.), Advances in experimental social psychology (t. 4, s. 35-89). San Diego: Academic Press.
Cahill, S., Riley, S. (2001). Exploring women, body art and self identity. W: M. Banin, A. Guy, E. Green (red.), Personal collections: Women’s relationships with their clothes. New York: Berg.
Caliendo, C., Armstrong, M. L., Roberts, A. E. (2005). Self-reported characteristics of women and men with intimate body piercings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49, 474-484.
Carroll, L., Anderson, R. (2002). Body piercing, tattooing, self-esteem, and body investment in adolescent girls. Adolescence, 37, 627-637.
Carroll, S. T., Riffenburgh, R. H., Roberts, T. A., Myhre, E. B. (2002). Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Pediatrics, 109, 1021-1027.
Cash, T. F., Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Body images: Development, deviance and change. New York: Guilford Press.
Chartrand, T. L., Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910.
Claes, L., Vanderycken, W., Vertommen, H. (2003). Eating-disordered patients with and without self-injurious behaviors: A comparison of psychopathological features. European Eating Disorders Review, 11, 379-396.
Claes, L., Vanderycken, W., Vertommen, H. (2005). Self-care versus self-harm: Piercing, tattooing, and self-injuring in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 13, 11-18.
Craik, J. (1994). The face of fashion: Cultural studies in fashion. London: Routledge.
Deaux, K. (1992). Personalizing identity and socializing self. W: G. Breakwell (red.), Social psychology of identity and the self-concept (s. 9-33). London: Academic Press.
Deaux, K. (1993). Reconstructing social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 4-12.
Degelman, D., Price, N. D. (2002).Tattoos and ratings of personal characteristics. Psychological Reports, 90, 507-514.
Delazar, M. E. (2005).The relationship between self-esteem, objectified body consciousness, personality traits and body modification: An exploratory study. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Science and Engineering, 65, 5395.
Delio, M. (1994). Tattoo: The exotic art of skin decoration. London: Virgin Publishing.
DeMello, M. (1995). Not just for bikers anymore: Popular representations of American tattooing. Journal of Popular Culture, 29, 37-52.
DeMello, M. (2000). Bodies of inscription: A cultural history of the modern tattoo community. Durham: Duke University Press.
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Durkin, K., Houghton, S. (2000). Children’s and adolescents’ stereotyped of tattooed people as delinquent. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 5, 153-164.
Favazza, A. R. (1996). Bodies under siege: Self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Favazza, A. R., Rosenthal, R. J. (1993). Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 134-140.
Ferguson, H. (1999). Body piercing. British Medical Journal, 319, 1627-1629.
Forbes, G. B. (2001). College students with tattoos and piercing. Motives, family experiences, personality factors and perception by others. Psychological Reports, 89, 744-786.
Friedrich, M. (1993). Tattoos in Germany – a cultural-sociological examination in the present. Vol. 14. Würzburg.
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Giddens, A. (2007). Nowoczesność i tożsamość. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Gilbert, S. (2001). Tattoo history: A source book. New York: Juno Books.
Grief, J., Hewitt, W., Armstrong, M. L. (1999). Tattoo and body piercing: Body art practices among students. Clinical Nursing Research, 8, 368-385.
Hawkes, D., Senn, C. Y., Thorn, C. (2004). Factors that influence attitudes toward women with tattoos. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 50, 593-604.
Hebdige, D. (1997). Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Methuen.
Howell, R. J., Payne, I. R., Roe, A. V. (1971). Diffrences among behavioral variables, personal characteristics, and personality scores of tattooes and non-tattooed prison inmates. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 8, 32-37.
Jeffreys, S. (2000). “Body art” and social status: Cutting, tattooing and piercing from a feminist perspective. Feminism & Psychology, 10, 409-429.
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1204-1213.
Johnson, R. D., Downing, L. L. (1979). Deindividuation and valence of cues: Effects on prosocial and antisocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1532-1538.
Kim, J. J. (1991). A cultural psychiatric study on tattoos of young Korean males. Yonsei Medical Journal, 32, 255-262.
Koziel, S., Kretschmer, W., Pawłowski, B. (2010). Tattoo and piercing as signals of biological quality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 187-192.
Langford, R. (1996). The hole truth. Nursing Times, 92, 46-47.
Lineberry, C. (2007). Tattoo; http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/tattoo.html (13.01.2009).
Long, G. E., Rickman, L. S. (1994). Infectious complications of tattoos. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18, 610-619.
Ludvico, L. R., Kurland, J. A. (1995). Symbolic or not-so-symbolic wounds. The behavioral eco- logy of human scarification. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 155-172.
Martin, A. (1997). On teenagers and tattoos. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 860-861.
Martin, B., Dula, C. S. (2010). More than skin deep: Perceptions of, and stigma against, tattoos. College Student Journal, 44, 200-206.
McKinley, N. M. (1999). Woman and objectified body consciousness: Mothers’ and daughters’ body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context. Developmental Psychology, 35, 760-769.
Millner, L., Eichold, B. H. (2001). Body piercing and tattooing perspectives. Clinical Nursing Research, 10, 424-441.
Mosher, D., Oliver, W., Dolgan, J. (1967). Body image in tattooed prisoners. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 31-32.
Myers, J. (1992). Non-mainstream body modifications: Genital piercing, branding, burning and cutting. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 213, 267-306.
Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., Williams, K. M. (2006). Personality and misconduct correlates of body modification and other cultural deviance markers. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 779-802.
Newton, J. R., Freeman, C. P., Munro, J. (1993). Impulsivity and dyscontrol in bulimia nervosa: Is impulsivity and independent phenomenon or a marker of severity? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 389-394.
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Pinaire-Reed, J. A. (1979). Personality correlates of predisposition to fashion: Dogmatism and Machiavellianism. Psychological Reports, 45, 269-270.
Pitts, V. (2003). In the flesh: The cultural politics of body modification. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Riley, S. C. E., Cahill, S. (2005). Managing meaning and belonging: Young women’s negotiation of authenticity in body art. Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 261-279.
Roberti, J. W., Storch, E. A., Bravata, E. (2004). Sensation seeking, exposure to psychosocial stressors, and body modifications in a college population. Personality and Individual Diffe- rences, 37, 1167-1177.
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Stephens, M. B. (2003). Behavioral risks associated with tattooing. Clinical Research and Methods, 35, 52-53.
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Armstrong, M. L., McConnell, C. (1994). Tattooing in adolescents: More common than you think – the phenomenon and risks. Journal of School Nursing, 10, 26-33.
Armstrong, M. L., Owen, D. C., Roberts, A. E., Koch, J. R. (2002). College tattoos: More than skin deep. Dermatology Nursing, 14, 317-323.
Armstrong, M. L., Stuppy, D. J., Gabriel, D. C., Anderson, R. R. (1996). Motivation for tattoo removal. Archives of Dermatology, 40, 22-29.
Atkinson, M. (2002). Pretty in ink: Conformity, resistance, and negotiation in women’s tattooing. Sex Roles, 47, 219-235.
Atkinson, M., Young, K. (2001). Flesh journey: Neo primitives and the contemporary rediscovery of radical body modification. Deviant Behavior, 22, 117-146.
Bekhor, P. S., Bekhor, L., Gandrabur, M. (1995). Employer attitudes toward persons with visible tattoos. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 36, 75-77.
Billing, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D., Radley, A. (1988). Ideological dilemmas: A social psychology of everyday thinking. London: Sage.
Brooks, T. L., Woods, E. R., Knight, J. R., Shrier, L. A. (2003). Body modification and substance use in adolescents: Is there a link? Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 44-49.
Byrne, D. (1969). Attitudes and attraction. W: L. Berkowitz (red.), Advances in experimental social psychology (t. 4, s. 35-89). San Diego: Academic Press.
Cahill, S., Riley, S. (2001). Exploring women, body art and self identity. W: M. Banin, A. Guy, E. Green (red.), Personal collections: Women’s relationships with their clothes. New York: Berg.
Caliendo, C., Armstrong, M. L., Roberts, A. E. (2005). Self-reported characteristics of women and men with intimate body piercings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49, 474-484.
Carroll, L., Anderson, R. (2002). Body piercing, tattooing, self-esteem, and body investment in adolescent girls. Adolescence, 37, 627-637.
Carroll, S. T., Riffenburgh, R. H., Roberts, T. A., Myhre, E. B. (2002). Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Pediatrics, 109, 1021-1027.
Cash, T. F., Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Body images: Development, deviance and change. New York: Guilford Press.
Chartrand, T. L., Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910.
Claes, L., Vanderycken, W., Vertommen, H. (2003). Eating-disordered patients with and without self-injurious behaviors: A comparison of psychopathological features. European Eating Disorders Review, 11, 379-396.
Claes, L., Vanderycken, W., Vertommen, H. (2005). Self-care versus self-harm: Piercing, tattooing, and self-injuring in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 13, 11-18.
Craik, J. (1994). The face of fashion: Cultural studies in fashion. London: Routledge.
Deaux, K. (1992). Personalizing identity and socializing self. W: G. Breakwell (red.), Social psychology of identity and the self-concept (s. 9-33). London: Academic Press.
Deaux, K. (1993). Reconstructing social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 4-12.
Degelman, D., Price, N. D. (2002).Tattoos and ratings of personal characteristics. Psychological Reports, 90, 507-514.
Delazar, M. E. (2005).The relationship between self-esteem, objectified body consciousness, personality traits and body modification: An exploratory study. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Science and Engineering, 65, 5395.
Delio, M. (1994). Tattoo: The exotic art of skin decoration. London: Virgin Publishing.
DeMello, M. (1995). Not just for bikers anymore: Popular representations of American tattooing. Journal of Popular Culture, 29, 37-52.
DeMello, M. (2000). Bodies of inscription: A cultural history of the modern tattoo community. Durham: Duke University Press.
DiClemente, R. J., Ponton, L. E., Hartley, D. (1991). Prevalence and correlates of cutting behavior: Risk for HIV transmission. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 735-739.
Drews, D. R., Allison, C. K., Probst, J. R. (2000). Behavioral and self-concept differences on tattooed and non-tattooed college students. Psychological Reports, 86, 475-481.
Dulit, R., Fyer, M. R., Leon, A. C., Brodsky, B. S., Frances, A. J. (1994). Clinical correlates of self-mutilation in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1305-1311.
Durkin, K., Houghton, S. (2000). Children’s and adolescents’ stereotyped of tattooed people as delinquent. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 5, 153-164.
Favazza, A. R. (1996). Bodies under siege: Self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Favazza, A. R., Rosenthal, R. J. (1993). Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 134-140.
Ferguson, H. (1999). Body piercing. British Medical Journal, 319, 1627-1629.
Forbes, G. B. (2001). College students with tattoos and piercing. Motives, family experiences, personality factors and perception by others. Psychological Reports, 89, 744-786.
Friedrich, M. (1993). Tattoos in Germany – a cultural-sociological examination in the present. Vol. 14. Würzburg.
Geertz, C. (1984). From the native’s point of view: On the nature of anthropological understanding. W: R. A. Shweder, R. A. Levine (red.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self and emotion (s. 123-137). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Giddens, A. (2007). Nowoczesność i tożsamość. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Gilbert, S. (2001). Tattoo history: A source book. New York: Juno Books.
Grief, J., Hewitt, W., Armstrong, M. L. (1999). Tattoo and body piercing: Body art practices among students. Clinical Nursing Research, 8, 368-385.
Hawkes, D., Senn, C. Y., Thorn, C. (2004). Factors that influence attitudes toward women with tattoos. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 50, 593-604.
Hebdige, D. (1997). Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Methuen.
Howell, R. J., Payne, I. R., Roe, A. V. (1971). Diffrences among behavioral variables, personal characteristics, and personality scores of tattooes and non-tattooed prison inmates. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 8, 32-37.
Jeffreys, S. (2000). “Body art” and social status: Cutting, tattooing and piercing from a feminist perspective. Feminism & Psychology, 10, 409-429.
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1204-1213.
Johnson, R. D., Downing, L. L. (1979). Deindividuation and valence of cues: Effects on prosocial and antisocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1532-1538.
Kim, J. J. (1991). A cultural psychiatric study on tattoos of young Korean males. Yonsei Medical Journal, 32, 255-262.
Koziel, S., Kretschmer, W., Pawłowski, B. (2010). Tattoo and piercing as signals of biological quality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 187-192.
Langford, R. (1996). The hole truth. Nursing Times, 92, 46-47.
Lineberry, C. (2007). Tattoo; http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/tattoo.html (13.01.2009).
Long, G. E., Rickman, L. S. (1994). Infectious complications of tattoos. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18, 610-619.
Ludvico, L. R., Kurland, J. A. (1995). Symbolic or not-so-symbolic wounds. The behavioral eco- logy of human scarification. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 155-172.
Martin, A. (1997). On teenagers and tattoos. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 860-861.
Martin, B., Dula, C. S. (2010). More than skin deep: Perceptions of, and stigma against, tattoos. College Student Journal, 44, 200-206.
McKinley, N. M. (1999). Woman and objectified body consciousness: Mothers’ and daughters’ body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context. Developmental Psychology, 35, 760-769.
Millner, L., Eichold, B. H. (2001). Body piercing and tattooing perspectives. Clinical Nursing Research, 10, 424-441.
Mosher, D., Oliver, W., Dolgan, J. (1967). Body image in tattooed prisoners. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 31-32.
Myers, J. (1992). Non-mainstream body modifications: Genital piercing, branding, burning and cutting. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 213, 267-306.
Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., Williams, K. M. (2006). Personality and misconduct correlates of body modification and other cultural deviance markers. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 779-802.
Newton, J. R., Freeman, C. P., Munro, J. (1993). Impulsivity and dyscontrol in bulimia nervosa: Is impulsivity and independent phenomenon or a marker of severity? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 389-394.
Pawłowski, B. (2009). Biologia atrakcyjności człowieka. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Pinaire-Reed, J. A. (1979). Personality correlates of predisposition to fashion: Dogmatism and Machiavellianism. Psychological Reports, 45, 269-270.
Pitts, V. (2003). In the flesh: The cultural politics of body modification. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Riley, S. C. E., Cahill, S. (2005). Managing meaning and belonging: Young women’s negotiation of authenticity in body art. Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 261-279.
Roberti, J. W., Storch, E. A., Bravata, E. (2004). Sensation seeking, exposure to psychosocial stressors, and body modifications in a college population. Personality and Individual Diffe- rences, 37, 1167-1177.
Roberts, B. W., Bogg, T., Walton K. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S. E. (2004). A lexical investigation of the lower-order structure of conscientiousness. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 164-178.
Roberts, T. A., Ryan, S. A. (2002). Tattooing and high-risk behavior in adolescents. Pediatrics, 110, 1058-1063.
Rubin, A. (1987). Marks of civilization. Los Angeles. CA: Museum of Cultural History,
Sampson, R. (1998). Establishing embodiment in psychology. W: H. J. Stearns (red.), The body in psychology (s. 30-53). London: Sage.
Sanders, C. R. (1988). Marks of mischief: Becoming and being tattoed. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 16, 395-432.
Sanders, C. R. (1989). Customizing the body: The art and culture of tattooing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Schildkrout, E. (2004). Inscribing the body. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 319-344.
Shilling C. (2003). The body and social theory. London: Sage.
Simeon, D., Stanley, B., Frances, A., Mann, J. J., Winchel, R., Stanley, M. (1992). Self-mutilation in personality disorders: Psychological and biological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 221-226.
Singh, D., Bronstad, P. M. (2001). Female body odour is a potential cue to ovulation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 797-801.
Smith, E. R., Henry, S. (1996). An in-group becomes part of the self: Response time evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 635-642.
Stephens, M. B. (2003). Behavioral risks associated with tattooing. Clinical Research and Methods, 35, 52-53.
Stirn, A. (2001). From ritual initiation to the decorated skin: Tattoo as mirrored by tribal traditions and a new perception of art. Psychotherapie und Sozialwissenschaften, 3-4, 283-305.
Stirn, A. (2003). Body piercing: Medical consequences and psychological motivations. Lancet, 361, 1205-1213.
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