Wytrwałość i skuteczność działania: wpływ kontekstu sytuacyjnego i siły woli
Słowa kluczowe:
autonomia; kontrola; siła woli; skuteczność; wytrwałość
Abstrakt
Zaprezentowane w artykule badanie miało na celu ujawnienie wpływu na wytrwałość i skuteczność działania – z jednej strony – kontekstu sytuacyjnego (kontrola vs autonomia), z drugiej strony – różnic indywidualnych w sprawności mechanizmów kontroli działania – sile woli. Podstawę teoretyczną operacjonalizacji zmiennych niezależnych stanowiły teoria autodeterminacji (Self Determination Theory) Ryana i Deci oraz koncepcja siły woli Kuhla. Uzyskane w badaniu rezultaty (N = 120) potwierdziły interakcyjne oddziaływanie określonych sposobów motywowania (presja vs pozytywne zaangażowanie) oraz różnic w sprawności mechanizmów kontroli działania na przyjęte w badaniu wskaźniki skuteczności i wytrwałości. Osoby zorientowane na stan uzyskały najwyższe rezultaty wytrwałości i skuteczności w warunkach presji, zewnętrznej kontroli. Osoby zorientowane na działanie w mniejszym stopniu podlegają różnicom w sposobie motywowania (kontrola vs autonomia), ale jednocześnie w warunkach nasilenia zarówno presji, jak i pozytywnego oddziaływania wykazały one istotnie niższe wskaźniki wytrwałości i skuteczności. Istotne różnice między osobami zorientowanymi na stan i na działanie ujawniły się w kontekście stwarzającym presję i wzbudzającym poczucie autonomii. W warunkach presji wyższe wyniki w zakresie wytrwałości i zarazem skuteczności uzyskiwały osoby zorientowane na stan, w warunkach autonomii – wyższe wyniki osiągnęły osoby zorientowane na działanie.
Bibliografia
Bagozzi, R. P., Baumgartner, H., Y. Y. (1992). State versus action orientation and the theory of reasoned action: An application to coupon usage. Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 505-518.
Baldwin, M. W. (1999). Activation and accessibility paradigms in relational schemas research. W: D. Cervone, Y. Shoda (red.), Coherence in personality (s. 127-154). New York: Guilford.
Baldwin, M. W., Sinclair, L. (1996). Self-esteem and if-then contingencies of interpersonal acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1130-1141.
Bandura, A. (1989). Self-regulation of motivation and action through internal standards and goal systems. W: L. A. Pervin (red.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (s. 19-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bandura, A. (2008). Reconstrual of “Free Will” from the agentic perspective of Social Cognitive Theory. W: J. Baer, J. C. Kaufman, R. F. Baumeister (red.), Are we free? Psychology and Free Will (s. 86-127). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baumann, N., Kaschel, R., Kuhl, J. (2005). Striving for unwanted goals: Stress-depend discrepancies between explicit and implicit achievement motives reduce subjective well-being and increase psychosomatic symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 5, 781-799.
Baumann, N., Kaschel, R., Kuhl, J. (2007). Affect sensitivity and affect regulation in dealing with positive and negative affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 239-248.
Baumann, N., Kuhl, J. (2003). Self-infiltration: Confusing assigned tasks as self-selected in me-mory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 487-497.
Baumann, N., Kuhl, J. (2005). How to resist temptation: The effects of external control versus autonomy. Journal of Personality, 73, 444-472.
Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Escaping the self: Alcoholism, spirituality, masochism, and other flights from the burden of selfhood. New York: Basic Books.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
Beckmann, J., Kellmann, M. (2004). Self-regulation and recovery: Approaching an understanding of the process of recovery from stress. Psychological Reports, 95, 1135-1153.
Brunstein, J. C. (2001). Personal goals and action versus state orientation: Who builds a commitment to realistic and need-congruent goals? Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 22, 1-12.
Carver, Ch. S. (2004). Self-regulation of action and affect. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 13-39). New York: Guilford.
Carver, Ch. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., Ketcham, A. S., Moffat, F. L., Clark, K. C. (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distres: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390.
Carver, Ch. S, Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality social, clinical and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111-135.
Carver, Ch. S., Scheier, M. F. (2004). Perspectives on personality. Boston: The Pearson Education.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Przepływ. Jak poprawić jakość życia. Psychologia optymalnego doświadczenia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Studio Emka.
Dieffendorf, J. M., Hall, R. J., Lord, R. G., Strean, M. L. (2000). Action-state orientation: Construct validity of a revised measure and its relationship to work-related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 250-263.
Emmons, R. A. (1996). Striving and feeling: Personal goals and subjective well-being. W: P. M. Gollwitzer, J. A. Bargh (red.), The psychology of action; linking cognition and motivation to behavior (s. 313-337). New York: Guilford.
Emmons, R. A. (1998). The psychology of ultimate concerns. New York: Guilford.
Fuhrmann, A., Kuhl, J. (1998). Maintaining a healthy diet: Effects of personality and self-reward versus self-punishment on commitment to and enactment of self-chosen and assigned goals. Psychology and Health, 13, 651-686.
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996). The volitional benefits of planning. W: P. M. Gollwitzer, J. A. Bargh (red.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (s. 287-312). New York: Guilford.
Gollwitzer, P. M., Fujita, K., Oettingen, G. (2004). Planning and the implementation of goals. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 211-228). New York: The Guilford Press.
Higgins, E. T. (1996). The “self digest”: Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1062-1083.
Higgins, E. T., Spiegel, S. (2004). Promotion and prevention strategies for self-regulation: A motivated cognition perspective W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 171-187). New York: Guilford.
Hull, J. G. (1981). A self-awareness model of the causes and effects of alcohol consumption. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 586-600.
Kaschel, R., Kuhl, J. (2004). Motivational counseling in an extended functional context: Personality systems interaction theory and assessment. W: W. M. Cox, E. Klinger (red.), Motivational counseling: Motivating people for change (s. 99-119). Sussex: Wiley.
Kazen, M., Baumann, N., Kuhl, J. (2003). Self-infiltration vs. self-compatibility checking in dealing with unattractive tasks: The moderating influence of state vs. action orientation. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 157-197.
Koestner, R., Horberg, E. J., Gaudreau, P., Powers, T., Di Dio, P., Bryan, Ch., Jochum, R., Salter, N. (2006). Bolstering implementation plans fothe long haul: The benefits of simultaneously boosting self-concordance or self-efficacy. Personality and social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 1547-1558.
Koole, S. L. (2004). Volitional shielding of the self: Effects of action orientation and external demands on implicit self-evaluation. Social Cognition, 22, 117-146.
Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 4-41.
Koole, S. L., Jostmann, N. B. (2004). Getting a grip on your feelings: Effects of action orientation and external demands on intuitive affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 6, 974-990.
Koole, S. L., Kuhl, J. (2007). Dealing with unwanted feelings: The role of affect regulation in volitional action control. W: J. Shah, W. Gardner (red.), Handbook of motivation science (s. 295-307). New York: Guilford.
Koole, S. L., Kuhl, J., Jostmann, N. B., Vohs, K. D. (2005). On the hidden benefits of state orientation: Can people prosper without efficient affect regulation skills? W: A. Tesser, J. Wood, D. A Stapel (red.), On building, defending, and regulating the self: A psychological perspective (s. 217-243). London: Taylor and Francis.
Kuhl, J. (1994). Action versus state orientation: Psychometric properties of the Action Control Scale (ACS-90). W: J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (red.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (s. 47-59). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Kuhl, J. (1996). Who controls whom “when I control myself”? Psychological Inquiry, 7, 1, 61-68.
Kuhl, J., Kazen, M. (1994). Self-discrimination and memory: State orientation and false self-ascription of assigned activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1103-1115.
Kuhl, J., Kazen, M. (1999). Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions: Joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 382-399.
Kuhl, J., Kazen, M., Koole, S. L. (2006). Putting self-regulation theory into practice: A user’s manual. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 408-418.
Łukaszewski, W., Marszał-Wiśniewska, M. (2006). Wytrwałość w działaniu. Wyznaczniki sytuacyjne i osobowościowe. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Magnusson, D. (1988). Individual development from an interactional perspective: A longitudinal study. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Markus, H., Ruvalo, A. (1989). Possible selves: Personalized representations of goals. W: L. A. Pervin (red.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (s. 211-241). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Marszał-Wiśniewska, M. (2002). Adaptacja Skali Kontroli Działania J. Kuhla (ACS-90). Studia Psychologiczne, 40, 77-102.
Mądrzycki, T. (2002). Osobowość jako system tworzący i realizujący plany życiowe. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo UG.
Palys, T. S., Little, B. R. (1983). Perceived life satisfaction and the organization of personal project systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1221-1230.
Pervin, L. A. (2002). Psychologia osobowości. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Polivy, J., Herman, C. P. (2000). The False Hope Syndrome: Unfulfilled expectations of self--change. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 128-131.
Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., Hackett, R., Kuleshnyk, I. (1986). The effects of self-attention and public attention on eating in restrained and unrestrained subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1253-1260.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behavior. American Psychologist, 47, 1102-1114.
Rothman, A. J. (2000). Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance. Health Psychology, 19, 64-69.
Rothman, A. J., Baldwin, A., Hertel, A. (2004). Self-regulation and behavior change: Disen-tangling behavioral initiation and behavioral maintenance. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), The handbook of self-regulation (s. 130-150). New York: Guilford.
Ryan, R. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 736-750.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination and will? Journal of Personality, 74, 1557-1585.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology, 2, 702-717.
Ryan, R. M., Mims, V., Koestner, R. (1983). Relation of reward contingency and interpersonal context to intrinsic motivation: A review and test using cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 736-750.
Sansone, C., Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). “I don’t feel like it”. The function of interest in self--regulation. W: L. L. Martin, A. Tesser (red.), Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (s. 175-202). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sansone, C., Wiebe, D. J., Morgan, C. (1999). Self-regulating interest: The moderating role of hardiness and conscientiousness. Journal of Personality, 4, 701-735.
Schmeichel, B. J., Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Self-regulatory strength. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 84-98). New York: Guilford.
Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 3, 531-543.
Vansteenkiste, M., Sheldon, K. M. (2006). There’s nothing more practical than a good theory: Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 63-82.
Vohs, K. D., Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-regulation: How and why people reach (and fail to reach) their goals. W: C. Sedikides S. J. Spencer (red.), Frontiers in social psychology: The self (s. 139-162). New York: Psychology Press.
Wieber, F., Gollwitzer, P. M. (2010). Overcoming procrastination through planning. W: C. Andreou, M. D. White (red.), The thief of time: Philosophical essays on procrastination (s. 185-205). New York: Oxford University Press.
Baldwin, M. W. (1999). Activation and accessibility paradigms in relational schemas research. W: D. Cervone, Y. Shoda (red.), Coherence in personality (s. 127-154). New York: Guilford.
Baldwin, M. W., Sinclair, L. (1996). Self-esteem and if-then contingencies of interpersonal acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1130-1141.
Bandura, A. (1989). Self-regulation of motivation and action through internal standards and goal systems. W: L. A. Pervin (red.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (s. 19-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bandura, A. (2008). Reconstrual of “Free Will” from the agentic perspective of Social Cognitive Theory. W: J. Baer, J. C. Kaufman, R. F. Baumeister (red.), Are we free? Psychology and Free Will (s. 86-127). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Baumann, N., Kaschel, R., Kuhl, J. (2005). Striving for unwanted goals: Stress-depend discrepancies between explicit and implicit achievement motives reduce subjective well-being and increase psychosomatic symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 5, 781-799.
Baumann, N., Kaschel, R., Kuhl, J. (2007). Affect sensitivity and affect regulation in dealing with positive and negative affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 239-248.
Baumann, N., Kuhl, J. (2003). Self-infiltration: Confusing assigned tasks as self-selected in me-mory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 487-497.
Baumann, N., Kuhl, J. (2005). How to resist temptation: The effects of external control versus autonomy. Journal of Personality, 73, 444-472.
Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Escaping the self: Alcoholism, spirituality, masochism, and other flights from the burden of selfhood. New York: Basic Books.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
Beckmann, J., Kellmann, M. (2004). Self-regulation and recovery: Approaching an understanding of the process of recovery from stress. Psychological Reports, 95, 1135-1153.
Brunstein, J. C. (2001). Personal goals and action versus state orientation: Who builds a commitment to realistic and need-congruent goals? Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 22, 1-12.
Carver, Ch. S. (2004). Self-regulation of action and affect. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 13-39). New York: Guilford.
Carver, Ch. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., Ketcham, A. S., Moffat, F. L., Clark, K. C. (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distres: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390.
Carver, Ch. S, Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality social, clinical and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111-135.
Carver, Ch. S., Scheier, M. F. (2004). Perspectives on personality. Boston: The Pearson Education.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Przepływ. Jak poprawić jakość życia. Psychologia optymalnego doświadczenia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Studio Emka.
Dieffendorf, J. M., Hall, R. J., Lord, R. G., Strean, M. L. (2000). Action-state orientation: Construct validity of a revised measure and its relationship to work-related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 250-263.
Emmons, R. A. (1996). Striving and feeling: Personal goals and subjective well-being. W: P. M. Gollwitzer, J. A. Bargh (red.), The psychology of action; linking cognition and motivation to behavior (s. 313-337). New York: Guilford.
Emmons, R. A. (1998). The psychology of ultimate concerns. New York: Guilford.
Fuhrmann, A., Kuhl, J. (1998). Maintaining a healthy diet: Effects of personality and self-reward versus self-punishment on commitment to and enactment of self-chosen and assigned goals. Psychology and Health, 13, 651-686.
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996). The volitional benefits of planning. W: P. M. Gollwitzer, J. A. Bargh (red.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (s. 287-312). New York: Guilford.
Gollwitzer, P. M., Fujita, K., Oettingen, G. (2004). Planning and the implementation of goals. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 211-228). New York: The Guilford Press.
Higgins, E. T. (1996). The “self digest”: Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1062-1083.
Higgins, E. T., Spiegel, S. (2004). Promotion and prevention strategies for self-regulation: A motivated cognition perspective W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 171-187). New York: Guilford.
Hull, J. G. (1981). A self-awareness model of the causes and effects of alcohol consumption. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 586-600.
Kaschel, R., Kuhl, J. (2004). Motivational counseling in an extended functional context: Personality systems interaction theory and assessment. W: W. M. Cox, E. Klinger (red.), Motivational counseling: Motivating people for change (s. 99-119). Sussex: Wiley.
Kazen, M., Baumann, N., Kuhl, J. (2003). Self-infiltration vs. self-compatibility checking in dealing with unattractive tasks: The moderating influence of state vs. action orientation. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 157-197.
Koestner, R., Horberg, E. J., Gaudreau, P., Powers, T., Di Dio, P., Bryan, Ch., Jochum, R., Salter, N. (2006). Bolstering implementation plans fothe long haul: The benefits of simultaneously boosting self-concordance or self-efficacy. Personality and social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 1547-1558.
Koole, S. L. (2004). Volitional shielding of the self: Effects of action orientation and external demands on implicit self-evaluation. Social Cognition, 22, 117-146.
Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 4-41.
Koole, S. L., Jostmann, N. B. (2004). Getting a grip on your feelings: Effects of action orientation and external demands on intuitive affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 6, 974-990.
Koole, S. L., Kuhl, J. (2007). Dealing with unwanted feelings: The role of affect regulation in volitional action control. W: J. Shah, W. Gardner (red.), Handbook of motivation science (s. 295-307). New York: Guilford.
Koole, S. L., Kuhl, J., Jostmann, N. B., Vohs, K. D. (2005). On the hidden benefits of state orientation: Can people prosper without efficient affect regulation skills? W: A. Tesser, J. Wood, D. A Stapel (red.), On building, defending, and regulating the self: A psychological perspective (s. 217-243). London: Taylor and Francis.
Kuhl, J. (1994). Action versus state orientation: Psychometric properties of the Action Control Scale (ACS-90). W: J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (red.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (s. 47-59). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Kuhl, J. (1996). Who controls whom “when I control myself”? Psychological Inquiry, 7, 1, 61-68.
Kuhl, J., Kazen, M. (1994). Self-discrimination and memory: State orientation and false self-ascription of assigned activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1103-1115.
Kuhl, J., Kazen, M. (1999). Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions: Joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 382-399.
Kuhl, J., Kazen, M., Koole, S. L. (2006). Putting self-regulation theory into practice: A user’s manual. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 408-418.
Łukaszewski, W., Marszał-Wiśniewska, M. (2006). Wytrwałość w działaniu. Wyznaczniki sytuacyjne i osobowościowe. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Magnusson, D. (1988). Individual development from an interactional perspective: A longitudinal study. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Markus, H., Ruvalo, A. (1989). Possible selves: Personalized representations of goals. W: L. A. Pervin (red.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (s. 211-241). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Marszał-Wiśniewska, M. (2002). Adaptacja Skali Kontroli Działania J. Kuhla (ACS-90). Studia Psychologiczne, 40, 77-102.
Mądrzycki, T. (2002). Osobowość jako system tworzący i realizujący plany życiowe. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo UG.
Palys, T. S., Little, B. R. (1983). Perceived life satisfaction and the organization of personal project systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1221-1230.
Pervin, L. A. (2002). Psychologia osobowości. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Polivy, J., Herman, C. P. (2000). The False Hope Syndrome: Unfulfilled expectations of self--change. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 128-131.
Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., Hackett, R., Kuleshnyk, I. (1986). The effects of self-attention and public attention on eating in restrained and unrestrained subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1253-1260.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behavior. American Psychologist, 47, 1102-1114.
Rothman, A. J. (2000). Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance. Health Psychology, 19, 64-69.
Rothman, A. J., Baldwin, A., Hertel, A. (2004). Self-regulation and behavior change: Disen-tangling behavioral initiation and behavioral maintenance. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), The handbook of self-regulation (s. 130-150). New York: Guilford.
Ryan, R. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 736-750.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination and will? Journal of Personality, 74, 1557-1585.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology, 2, 702-717.
Ryan, R. M., Mims, V., Koestner, R. (1983). Relation of reward contingency and interpersonal context to intrinsic motivation: A review and test using cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 736-750.
Sansone, C., Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). “I don’t feel like it”. The function of interest in self--regulation. W: L. L. Martin, A. Tesser (red.), Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (s. 175-202). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sansone, C., Wiebe, D. J., Morgan, C. (1999). Self-regulating interest: The moderating role of hardiness and conscientiousness. Journal of Personality, 4, 701-735.
Schmeichel, B. J., Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Self-regulatory strength. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 84-98). New York: Guilford.
Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 3, 531-543.
Vansteenkiste, M., Sheldon, K. M. (2006). There’s nothing more practical than a good theory: Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 63-82.
Vohs, K. D., Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-regulation: How and why people reach (and fail to reach) their goals. W: C. Sedikides S. J. Spencer (red.), Frontiers in social psychology: The self (s. 139-162). New York: Psychology Press.
Wieber, F., Gollwitzer, P. M. (2010). Overcoming procrastination through planning. W: C. Andreou, M. D. White (red.), The thief of time: Philosophical essays on procrastination (s. 185-205). New York: Oxford University Press.
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