Atrybucja przyczyn sytuacji kryzysowych w przedsiębiorstwach
Słowa kluczowe:
atrybucja przyczynowa; powszechność; wybiórczość; spójność; sześcian Kelleya; sytuacja kryzysowa; przedsiębiorstwo; eksperyment
Abstrakt
W ramach 5-czynnikowego eksperymentu, manipulując opisami ośmiu sytuacji kryzysowych i trzema czynnikami (powszechność, wybiórczość, spójność), sprawdzano, w jaki sposób wpływają one na postrzeganie przyczyn negatywnych zdarzeń w przedsiębiorstwie. W badaniach wzięło udział 400 studentów. Wyniki badań wykazały wyraźną tendencję do upatrywania przyczyny sytuacji kryzysowej w podmiocie gospodarczym - bez względu na racjonalne przesłanki. Podstawowymi czynnikami warunkującymi kierunek atrybucji przyczynowej była specyfika sytuacji kryzysowej i informacja na temat spójności. Najmniej istotna w procesie atrybucji okazała się informacja o powszechności zdarzenia. Wyniki badań są konfrontowane z normatywnymi oczekiwaniami wynikającymi z modelu współzmienności Kelleya.
Bibliografia
Alsop, R. J. (2004). Corporate reputation: Anything but superficial: The deep but fragile nature of corporate reputation. Journal of Business Strategy, 25, 6, 21-30.
Borgida, E., Brekke, N. (1981). The base rate fallacy in attribution and prediction. W: J. Harvey, W. Ickes, R. Kidd (red.), New directions in attribution research (t. 3, s. 63-95). Hillsdale, NJ: ErIbaum.
Carroll, C. E., McCombs, M. (2003). Agenda-setting effects of business news on the public’s images and opinions about major corporations. Corporate Reputation Review, 6, 1, 36-46.
Cheng, P. W., Novick, L. R. (1990). Where is the bias in causal attribution? W: K. J. Gihooley, M. T. K. Kayne, R. H. Logie, G. Erdos (red.), Lines of thinking (s. 181-197). New York: Wiley.
Child, J., Rodrigues, S. (2003). The international crisis of confidence in corporations. Journal of Management and Governance, 7, 3, 233-240.
Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10, 3, 163-176.
Coombs, W. T., HolIaday, S. J. (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16, 2, 165-186.
Cooper, A. H. (2002). Media framing and sociaI movement mobiIization: German peace protest against INF missels, the Gulf War, and NATO peace enforcement in Bosnia. European Journal of Political Research, 41, 1, 37-80.
Doliński, D. (1992). Przypisywanie moralnej odpowiedzialności. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu PsychoIogii PAN.
Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23, 3, 225-256.
Fosterling, F. (1989). Models of covariation and attribution: How do they relate to the analogy of analysis of variance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 4, 615-625
Fosterling, F. (2005). Atrybucje. Podstawowe teorie, badania i zastosowanie. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo PsychoIogiczne
Frieze, I. H., Weiner, B. (1971). Cue utilization and attributional judgments for success and failure. Journal of Personality, 39, 4, 591-605.
Heider, F., Simmel, M. (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 57, 2, 243-259.
Hewstone, M., Jaspars, J. (1983). A re-examination of the roles of consensus, consistency and distinctiveness: Kelley’s cube revised. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 1, 41-50.
Hewstone, M., Jaspars, J. (1987). Covariation and causal attribution: A logical model of the intuitive analysis of variance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 4, 663-672.
Hilton, D. J., Slugoski, B. R. (1986). Knowledge-based causal attribution: The abnormal conditions focus model. Psychological Review, 93, 1, 75-88.
Ipsos (2003). Postawy wobec społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu. Raport z badań. Warszawa: Ipsos.
Jasiecki, K. (2004). Społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu w ocenach Polaków. W: L. Kolarska- -Bobińska (red.), Świadomość ekonomiczna społeczeństwa i wizerunek biznesu (s. 213-242). Warszawa: Instytut Spraw Publicznych.
Johnson, T. J., Feigenbaum, R., Weiby, M. (1964). Some determinants and consequences of the teacher’s perception of causation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 55, 237-246.
Kassin, S. M. (1979). Consensus information, prediction, and causal attribution: A review of the literature and issues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 11, 1966-1981.
Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. W: D. Levine (red.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (t. 15, s. 192-238). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Kelley, H. H. (1973). The process of causal attribition. American Psychologist, 28, 2, 107-128.
Lee, B. K. (2005). Hong Kong consumers’ evaluation in an Airline crash: A path model analysis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 17, 4, 363-391.
Lerbinger, O. (1997). The crisis manager: Facing risk and responsibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
McArthur, L. A. (1972).The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 2, 171-193.
Medcof, J. W. (1990). PEAT: An integrative model of attribution processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 111-210
Moussavi, F., Evans, D. A. (1993). Emergence of organizational attributions: The role of a shared cognitive schema. Journal of Management, 19, 1,79-95.
Nisbett, R. E., Borgida, E. (1975). Attribution and the psychology of prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 5, 932-943.
Orvis, B. R., Cunningham, J. D., Kelley, H. H. (1975). A closer examination of causal inference: The roles of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 4, 605-616.
Pruitt, D. J., Insko, C. A. (1980). Extension of the Kelley Attribution Model: The role of compari- son-object consensus, target-object consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1, 39-58.
Renkema, J., Hoeken, H. (1998). The influence of negative newspaper publicity on corporate image in the netherlands. The Journal of Business Communication, 35, 4, 521-535.
Roguska, B. (2004). Właściciel, pracodawca, obywatel - rekonstrukcja wizerunku prywatnego przedsiębiorcy. W: L. Kolarska-Bobińska (red.), Świadomość ekonomiczna społeczeństwa i wizerunek biznesu (s. 103-132). Warszawa: Instytut Spraw Publicznych.
Sandin, P. (2008). Approaches to ethics for corporate crisis management. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 1, 109-116.
Sellnow, T. L., Ulmer, R. R., Snider, M. (1998). The compatibility of corrective action in organizational crisis communication. Communication Quarterly, 46, 1, 60-74.
Sjovall, A., Talk, A. (2004). From actions to impressions: Cognitive attribution theory and formation of corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 7, 3, 269-281.
Tillman, W. S., Carver, C. S. (1980). Actors’ and observers’ attributions for success and failure: A comparative test of predictions from Kelley’s cube self-serving biases, and positivity bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 1, 18-32.
Tucker, L., Melewar, T. C. (2005). Corporate reputation and crisis management: The threat and manageability of anti-corporatism. Corporate Reputation Review, 7, 4, 377-387.
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of achievement and emotion. New York: Springer.
Winter, M., Steger, U. (1998). Managing outside pressure: Strategies for preventing corporate disasters. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Borgida, E., Brekke, N. (1981). The base rate fallacy in attribution and prediction. W: J. Harvey, W. Ickes, R. Kidd (red.), New directions in attribution research (t. 3, s. 63-95). Hillsdale, NJ: ErIbaum.
Carroll, C. E., McCombs, M. (2003). Agenda-setting effects of business news on the public’s images and opinions about major corporations. Corporate Reputation Review, 6, 1, 36-46.
Cheng, P. W., Novick, L. R. (1990). Where is the bias in causal attribution? W: K. J. Gihooley, M. T. K. Kayne, R. H. Logie, G. Erdos (red.), Lines of thinking (s. 181-197). New York: Wiley.
Child, J., Rodrigues, S. (2003). The international crisis of confidence in corporations. Journal of Management and Governance, 7, 3, 233-240.
Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10, 3, 163-176.
Coombs, W. T., HolIaday, S. J. (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16, 2, 165-186.
Cooper, A. H. (2002). Media framing and sociaI movement mobiIization: German peace protest against INF missels, the Gulf War, and NATO peace enforcement in Bosnia. European Journal of Political Research, 41, 1, 37-80.
Doliński, D. (1992). Przypisywanie moralnej odpowiedzialności. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu PsychoIogii PAN.
Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23, 3, 225-256.
Fosterling, F. (1989). Models of covariation and attribution: How do they relate to the analogy of analysis of variance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 4, 615-625
Fosterling, F. (2005). Atrybucje. Podstawowe teorie, badania i zastosowanie. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo PsychoIogiczne
Frieze, I. H., Weiner, B. (1971). Cue utilization and attributional judgments for success and failure. Journal of Personality, 39, 4, 591-605.
Heider, F., Simmel, M. (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 57, 2, 243-259.
Hewstone, M., Jaspars, J. (1983). A re-examination of the roles of consensus, consistency and distinctiveness: Kelley’s cube revised. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 1, 41-50.
Hewstone, M., Jaspars, J. (1987). Covariation and causal attribution: A logical model of the intuitive analysis of variance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 4, 663-672.
Hilton, D. J., Slugoski, B. R. (1986). Knowledge-based causal attribution: The abnormal conditions focus model. Psychological Review, 93, 1, 75-88.
Ipsos (2003). Postawy wobec społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu. Raport z badań. Warszawa: Ipsos.
Jasiecki, K. (2004). Społeczna odpowiedzialność biznesu w ocenach Polaków. W: L. Kolarska- -Bobińska (red.), Świadomość ekonomiczna społeczeństwa i wizerunek biznesu (s. 213-242). Warszawa: Instytut Spraw Publicznych.
Johnson, T. J., Feigenbaum, R., Weiby, M. (1964). Some determinants and consequences of the teacher’s perception of causation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 55, 237-246.
Kassin, S. M. (1979). Consensus information, prediction, and causal attribution: A review of the literature and issues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 11, 1966-1981.
Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. W: D. Levine (red.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (t. 15, s. 192-238). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Kelley, H. H. (1973). The process of causal attribition. American Psychologist, 28, 2, 107-128.
Lee, B. K. (2005). Hong Kong consumers’ evaluation in an Airline crash: A path model analysis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 17, 4, 363-391.
Lerbinger, O. (1997). The crisis manager: Facing risk and responsibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
McArthur, L. A. (1972).The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 2, 171-193.
Medcof, J. W. (1990). PEAT: An integrative model of attribution processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 111-210
Moussavi, F., Evans, D. A. (1993). Emergence of organizational attributions: The role of a shared cognitive schema. Journal of Management, 19, 1,79-95.
Nisbett, R. E., Borgida, E. (1975). Attribution and the psychology of prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 5, 932-943.
Orvis, B. R., Cunningham, J. D., Kelley, H. H. (1975). A closer examination of causal inference: The roles of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 4, 605-616.
Pruitt, D. J., Insko, C. A. (1980). Extension of the Kelley Attribution Model: The role of compari- son-object consensus, target-object consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1, 39-58.
Renkema, J., Hoeken, H. (1998). The influence of negative newspaper publicity on corporate image in the netherlands. The Journal of Business Communication, 35, 4, 521-535.
Roguska, B. (2004). Właściciel, pracodawca, obywatel - rekonstrukcja wizerunku prywatnego przedsiębiorcy. W: L. Kolarska-Bobińska (red.), Świadomość ekonomiczna społeczeństwa i wizerunek biznesu (s. 103-132). Warszawa: Instytut Spraw Publicznych.
Sandin, P. (2008). Approaches to ethics for corporate crisis management. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 1, 109-116.
Sellnow, T. L., Ulmer, R. R., Snider, M. (1998). The compatibility of corrective action in organizational crisis communication. Communication Quarterly, 46, 1, 60-74.
Sjovall, A., Talk, A. (2004). From actions to impressions: Cognitive attribution theory and formation of corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 7, 3, 269-281.
Tillman, W. S., Carver, C. S. (1980). Actors’ and observers’ attributions for success and failure: A comparative test of predictions from Kelley’s cube self-serving biases, and positivity bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 1, 18-32.
Tucker, L., Melewar, T. C. (2005). Corporate reputation and crisis management: The threat and manageability of anti-corporatism. Corporate Reputation Review, 7, 4, 377-387.
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of achievement and emotion. New York: Springer.
Winter, M., Steger, U. (1998). Managing outside pressure: Strategies for preventing corporate disasters. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
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