Stabilność struktury i profili postrzeganych cech osobowości polskich polityków
Słowa kluczowe:
podejście leksykalne; percepcja społeczna; osobowość; wizerunek polityków; stabilność percepcji cech osobowości; kampania wyborcza
Abstrakt
Celem prezentowanych w artykule dwuetapowych badań była odpowiedź na pytania: (1) jakie są wspólne wymiary postrzegania osobowości polskich polityków oraz (2) czy kampania wyborcza wpływa na strukturę i profile postrzegania ich cech osobowości. W badaniach przeprowadzonych na początku (kwiecień 2007) i pod koniec (październik 2007) kampanii wyborczej do sejmu respondenci opisywali (za pomocą list przymiotnikowych, wzorowanych na podejściu leksykalnym w teorii cech) osobowość 24 najbardziej rozpoznawalnych polskich polityków. W pierwszym etapie zbadano łącznie 390 osób, natomiast w drugim - 557 osób. Na podstawie analizy głównych składowych zidentyfikowano wspólne wymiary postrzegania osobowości polityków, które określono jako Kompetencja, Impulsywność/Brak ugodowości, Uczciwość i Ekstrawersja. Analiza równań strukturalnych wykazała, że ogólna struktura postrzegania osobowości polityków nie uległa zasadniczym zmianom podczas kampanii wyborczej. Zmieniło się natomiast postrzeganie czołowych postaci polskiej sceny politycznej. Ustalone prawidłowości skonfrontowano z literaturą przedmiotu i wytyczono kierunki przyszłych badań nad percepcją cech osobowości polityków.
Bibliografia
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Bean, C., Mughan, A. (1989). Leadership effects in parliamentary elections in Australia and Britain. The American Political Science Review, 83, 4, 1165-1179.
Brooks, D. (2000). Negative campaigning disliked by most americans. Gallup Poll Monthly, 418, 5-8. Brown, S. D., Lambert, R. D., Kay, B. J., Curtis, J. E. (1988). In the Eye of the Beholder: Leader images in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 21, 4, 729-755.
Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21, 2, 230-258.
Capelos, T., Hendrix, M., Stammen, M., Otter, A. D., Piccio, D., Buijs, L. (2005). Curse or blessing? The impact of candidate image in evaluation of united states policy messages in Europe. Conference Papers of Midwestern Political Science Association; 2005 Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 1-40.
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Lodge, M., McGraw, K. M., Stroh, P. (1989). An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. The American Political Science Review, 83, 2, 399-419.
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Bean, C., Mughan, A. (1989). Leadership effects in parliamentary elections in Australia and Britain. The American Political Science Review, 83, 4, 1165-1179.
Brooks, D. (2000). Negative campaigning disliked by most americans. Gallup Poll Monthly, 418, 5-8. Brown, S. D., Lambert, R. D., Kay, B. J., Curtis, J. E. (1988). In the Eye of the Beholder: Leader images in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 21, 4, 729-755.
Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21, 2, 230-258.
Capelos, T., Hendrix, M., Stammen, M., Otter, A. D., Piccio, D., Buijs, L. (2005). Curse or blessing? The impact of candidate image in evaluation of united states policy messages in Europe. Conference Papers of Midwestern Political Science Association; 2005 Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 1-40.
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Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Zimbardo, P. (2002). When parsimony subdues distinctiveness: Simplified public perceptions of politicians’ personality. Political Psychology, 23, 1, 77-95. Caprara, G. V., Zimbardo, P. (2004). Personalizing politics: A Congruency Model of Political Preference. American Psychologist, 59, 7, 581-594.
Castelli, L., Carraro, L. (2008). The multifaceted effects of negative campaigns: Their positive and negative consequences on the perception of politicians. Referat wygłoszony na ISPP 31st Annual Scientific Meeting, Paryż, 9 lipca 2008.
CBOS (1997). Portrety liderów opozycji. Komunikat z badań. BS/52/52/97; http://www.cbos.pl (10.03.2007).
CBOS (2005-2007). Zaufanie do polityków. Raporty z badań umieszczone na stronie http://www.cbos.pl (1.04.2007).
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R. (1992). Trait psychology comes of age. W: T. B. Sonderegger (red.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Psychology and aging (t. 39, s. 169-204). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Cwalina, W. (2000). Telewizyjna reklama polityczna. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego.
Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A. (2005). Marketing polityczny. Perspektywa psychologiczna. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A., Rożnowski, B. (1997). Decyzyjna teoria spostrzegania w badaniach preferencji politycznych. Analiza metodologiczna. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 40, 331-346.
Druckman, J. N. (2003). The power of television images: The first Kennedy-Nixon Debate revisited. The Journal of Politics, 65, 2, 559-571.
Forgas, J. P. (1980). Implicit representations of political leaders: A multidimensional analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 4, 295-310.
Forgas, J. P., Kagan, C., Frey, D. (1977). The cognitive representation of political personalities: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology, 12, 1, 19-30.
Franklin, C. H. (1991). Eschewing obfuscation? Campaigns and perceptions of U.S. senate incumbents. The American Political Science Review, 85, 4, 1193-1214.
Funk, C. L. (1997). Implications of political expertise in candidate trait evaluations. Political Research Quarterly, 50, 3, 675-697.
Funk, C. L. (1999). Bringing the candidate into Models of Candidate Evaluation. The Journal of Politics, 61, 3, 700-720.
Glasgow, G., Alvarez, R. M. (2000). Uncertainty and candidate personality traits. American Politics Quarterly, 28, 1, 26-49.
Goldberg L. R. (1990). An alternative “Description of Personality”: The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 6, 1216-1229.
Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 1, 26-42.
Gorbaniuk, O., Krzyszycha, G., Krulikowska, A. (w druku). Wpływ preferencji politycznych wyborców na postrzeganie cech osobowości polityków. W: K. Gusztyła-Stasiuk, B. Danieluk (red.), Lubelskie spotkania z psychologią społeczną.
Herzog, R. A., Bachman, J. G. (1981). Effects of questionnaire length on response quality. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 549-559.
Iyengar, S., Kinder, D. R., Peters, M. D., Krosnick, J. A. (1984). The evening news and presidential evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 4, 778-787.
Jacobs, L. R., Shapiro, R. Y. (1994). Issues, candidate image, and priming: The use of private polls in Kennedy’s 1960 presidential campaign. The American Political Science Review, 88, 3, 527-540.
Jarymowicz, M. (1980). Makiawelizm - osobowość ludzi nastawionych na manipulowanie innymi. W: J. Reykowski (red.), Osobowość a społeczne zachowanie się ludzi (s. 285-317). Warszawa: KiW.
John, O., Angleitner, A., Ostendorf, F. (1988). The lexical approach to personality: A historical review of trait taxonomic research. European Journal of Personality, 2, 171-203.
Kaase, M. (1994). Is there personalization in politics? Candidates and voting behavior in Germany. International Political Science Review, 15, 211-230.
Kinder, D. R. (1986). Presidential character revisited. W: R. Lau, D. Sears (red.), Political cognition (s. 233-255). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kinder, D. R. (1998). Communication and opinion. Annual Review of Political Science, 1, 1, 167-139.
King, J. D., McConnell, J. B. (2003). The effect of negative campaign advertising on vote choice: The mediating influence of gender. Social Science Quarterly, 84, 4, 843-857.
Klein, J. G. (1991). Negativity effects in impression formation: A test in the political arena. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 4, 412-418.
Klingemann, H. D., Wattenberg, M. P. (1992). Decaying versus developing party systems. British Journal of Political Science, 22, 131-149.
Lau, R. R., Sigelman, L., Heldman, C., Babbit, P. (1999). The effects of negative political advertisements: A meta-analytical assessment. American Political Science Review, 93, 4, 851-875.
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 2, 329-358.
Leon, G. R., Gillum, B., Gillum, R., Gouze, M. (1979). Personality stability and change over a 30-year period-middle age to old age. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 3, 517-524.
Lodge, M., McGraw, K. M., Stroh, P. (1989). An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. The American Political Science Review, 83, 2, 399-419.
Lord, C., Ross, L., Lepper, M., (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 11, 2098-2109.
Markus, G. B. (1982). Political attitudes during an election year: A report on the 1980 NES panel study. American Political Science Review, 76, 3, 538-560.
Matthews, D., Dietz-Uhler, B. (1998). The Black-Sheep Effect: How positive and negative advertisements affect voters’ perceptions of the sponsor of the advertisement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1903-1915.
McCann, J. (1990). Changing electoral contexts and changing candidate images during the 1984 presidential campaign. American Politics Quarterly, 18, 2, 123-140.
McCann, J. A., Lawson, C. (2006). Presidential campaigns and the knowledge gap in three transitional democracies. Political Research Quarterly, 59, 1, 13-22.
McCrae, R. R. (1982). Consensual validation of personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 293-303.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. (1983). Joint factors in self-reports and ratings: Neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 245-255.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. (1994). The stability of personality: Observations and evaluations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 3, 173-175.
McCurley, C., Mondak, J. J. (1995). The influence of incumbents’ competence and integrity in U.S. House Elections. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 4, 864-885.
McGraw, K. M., Timpone, R., Bruck, G. (1993). Justifying controversial political decisions: Home style in the laboratory. Political Behavior, 15, 289-308.
Merritt, S. (1984). Negative political advertising: Some empirical finding. Journal of Advertising, 13, 3, 27-38.
Miller, W. E., Shanks, J. M. (1996). The new American voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Min, Y. (2004). New coverage of negative political campaigns: An experiment of negative campaign effects on turnout and candidate preference. Harvard International Journal of Press/ Politics, 9, 4, 95-111.
Mondak, J. J. (1995). Competence, integrity, and the electoral success of congressional Incumbents. The Journal of Politics, 57, 4, 1043-1069.
Moskowitz, D., Stroh, P. (1996). Expectation-driven assessments of political candidates. Political Psychology, 17, 4, 695-712.
Musek, J. (2007). A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the Five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 6, 1213-1233.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Pancer, M. S., Brown, S. D., Barr, C. W. (1999). Forming impressions of political leaders: A crossnational comparison. Political Psychology, 20, 2, 345-368.
Passini, F. T., Norman, W. T. (1966). A universal conception of personality structure? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 44-49.
PBS DGA (2007). Polska przez pryzmat wyborów; http://www.tvn24.pl (5.08.2008).
Peabody, D., Goldberg, L. (1989). Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 552-567.
Rosenberg, S. W., McCafferty, P. (1987). The image and the vote manipulating voters’ preferences. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 1, 31-47.
Saucier, G. (1994). Separating description and evaluation in the structure of personality attributes. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 66, 1, 141-154.
Saucier, G. (1998). A hierarchy of personality factors in the natural language. Referat wygłoszony na 9th European Conference on Personality, Guildford, U.K.
Saucier, G., Ostendorf, F., Peabody, D. (2001). The non-evaluative circumplex of personality adjectives. Journal of Personality, 69, 4, 537-582.
Schultz, C., Pancer, M. S. (1997). Character attacks and their effects on perceptions of male and female political candidates. Political Psychology, 18, 1, 93-102.
Shanks, J. M., Miller, W. E. (1991). Partisanship, policy and performance: The Reagan legacy in the 1988 election. British Journal of Political Science, 21, 2, 129-197.
Shields, S. A., MacDowell, K. A. (1987). “Appropriate” emotion in politicians: Judgments of a televised debate. Journal of Communication, 37, 78-89.
Skarżyńska, K. (2005). Człowiek a polityka. Zarys psychologii politycznej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
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