Funkcja religijności w procesie radzenia sobie ze stresem. Koncepcja Kennetha I. Pargamenta
Słowa kluczowe:
religijność; stres; radzenie sobie; religia; funkcja religijności; religijne radzenie sobie
Abstrakt
Na polu badań psychologicznych obszary religii i stresu były powiązane ze sobą od dawna. Spośród koncepcji wyjaśniających funkcję religii w sytuacjach trudnych najbardziej popularna stała się w ostatnich latach teoria religijnego radzenia sobie (religious coping), rozwijana przez K. I. Pargamenta. Podejście to można scharakteryzować jako poznawcze, zorientowane na proces i pragmatyczne. W artykule przedstawiono aparat pojęciowy teorii, sposób, w jaki omawiana teoria wyjaśnia udział religii w poszczególnych etapach procesu radzenia sobie ze stresem, oraz mechanizmy, przez które ten udział się dokonuje. Przedstawiono również charakterystykę wyróżnionych przez Pargamenta religijnych metod radzenia sobie. Pomimo pewnych braków teoretycznych, model ten, dzięki swej wieloaspektowości, dostarczył podstaw do szerokich i perspektywicznych programów badań. Wprowadził bowiem nowy punkt widzenia na związek religijności ze zdrowiem psychicznym, co stanowiło impuls do ożywienia i zdynamizowania badań w dziedzinie psychologii religii.
Bibliografia
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Argyle, M. (2000). Psychology and religion. An introduction. London–New York: Routledge.
Batson, C. D. (1997). Toward motivational theories of intrinsic religious commitment. W: B. Spilka, D. N. McIntosh (red.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (s. 11-22). Boulder: Westview Press.
Bjorck, J. P. (1995). A self-centered perspective on McIntosh’s religious schema. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 23-29.
Bridges, R. A., Spilka, B. (1992). Religion and the mental health of women. W: J. F. Schumaker (red.), Religion and mental health (s. 43-53). New York: Oxford University Press.
Frankl, V. E. (1978). Nieuświadomiony Bóg. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax.
Freud, Z. (1913/1993). Totem i tabu. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo KR.
Ganzevoort, R. (1998a). Religious coping reconsidered. Part 1: An integrated approach. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 26, 260-275.
Ganzevoort, R. (1998b). Religious coping reconsidered. Part 2: A narrative reformulation. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 26, 276-286.
Harrison, M. O., Koenig, H. G., Hays, J. C., Eme-Akwari, A. G., Pargament, K. I. (2001). The epidemiology of religious coping: A review of recent literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 86-93.
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw Hill.
Luhmann, N. (1977). Die Funktion der Religion. Frankfurt: Suhrkam.
McIntosh, D. N. (1995). Religion-as-schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 1-16.
Newman, J. S., Pargament, K. I. (1990). The role of religion in the problem-solving process. Review of Religious Research, 31, 390-404.
Pargament, K. I. (1990). God help me; toward a theoretical framework of coping for the psychology of religion. W: M. L. Lynn, D. O. Moberg (red.), Research in the social scientific study of religion (t. 2, s. 195-224). Greenwich: JAI Press.
Pargament, K. I. (1992). Of means and ends: Religion and the search for significance. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 4, 201-229.
Pargament, K. I. (1996). Religious methods of coping: Resources for the conservation and transformation of significance. W: E. P. Shafranske (red.), Religion and the clinical practice of psychology (s. 215-239). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping. New York–London: Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I. (2002a). The bitter and the sweet: An evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 168-181.
Pargament, K. I. (2002b). Is religion nothing but...? Explaining religion versus explaining religion away. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 239-244.
Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Vandecreek, L., Belavich, T., Brant, C., Perez, L. (1999). The vigil: Religion and the search for control in the hospital waiting room. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 327-341.
Pargament, K. I., Hahn, J. (1986). God and the just world: Causal and coping attributions to God in health situations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 25, 193-207.
Pargament, K. I., Kennell, J., Hathway, W., Grevengoed, N., Newman, J., Jones, W. (1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three types of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 90-104.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 4, 519-543.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig H., G., Tarakeshwar N., Hahn J. (2004). Religious Coping Methods as Predictors of Psychological, Physical and Spiritual Outcomes among Medically Ill Eldery Patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 713-730.
Pargament, K. I., Olsen, H., Reilly, B., Falgout, K., Ensing, D. S., van. Haitsma, K. (1992). God help me (II): The relationship of religious orientations to religious coping with negative life events. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31, 504-513.
Pargament, K. I., Park, C. L. (1995). Merely a defense? The variety of religious means and ends. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 13-32.
Pargament, K. I., Park, C. L. (1997). In times of stress: The religion-coping connection. W: B. Spilka, D. N. McIntosh (red.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (s. 43-53). Boulder: Westview Press.
Pargament, K. I., Reilly, B., Falgout, K., Ensing, D. S., Haitsma, K. van, Warren, R. (1990). God help me (I): Religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to significant negative life events. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 793-824.
Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal fot the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 4, 710-724.
Pargament, K. I., Zinnbauer, B. J., Scott, A. B., Butter, E. M., Zerowin, J., Stanik, P. (1998). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 77-89.
Prężyna, W. (1977). Motywacyjne korelaty centralności postawy religijnej. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Prężyna, W. (1981). Funkcja religijności w osobowości człowieka. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Schaefer, C. A., Gorsuch, R. L. (1991). Psychological adjustment and religiousness: The multivariate belief-motivation theory of religiousness. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30, 4, 448-461.
Spilka, B. (1986). The meaning of personal faith: A continuing research odyssey. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 5, 85-90.
Spilka B., Hood R., W., Hunsberger B., Gorsuch R. (2003). The psychology of religion. New York: The Guilford Press.
Striženec, M. (1998). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research and practice. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 1, 197-198.
Vergote, A. (1969). The religious man. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Wulff, D. (1999). Psychologia religii: klasyczna i współczesna. Warszawa: WSP.
Argyle, M. (2000). Psychology and religion. An introduction. London–New York: Routledge.
Batson, C. D. (1997). Toward motivational theories of intrinsic religious commitment. W: B. Spilka, D. N. McIntosh (red.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (s. 11-22). Boulder: Westview Press.
Bjorck, J. P. (1995). A self-centered perspective on McIntosh’s religious schema. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 23-29.
Bridges, R. A., Spilka, B. (1992). Religion and the mental health of women. W: J. F. Schumaker (red.), Religion and mental health (s. 43-53). New York: Oxford University Press.
Frankl, V. E. (1978). Nieuświadomiony Bóg. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax.
Freud, Z. (1913/1993). Totem i tabu. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo KR.
Ganzevoort, R. (1998a). Religious coping reconsidered. Part 1: An integrated approach. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 26, 260-275.
Ganzevoort, R. (1998b). Religious coping reconsidered. Part 2: A narrative reformulation. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 26, 276-286.
Harrison, M. O., Koenig, H. G., Hays, J. C., Eme-Akwari, A. G., Pargament, K. I. (2001). The epidemiology of religious coping: A review of recent literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 86-93.
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw Hill.
Luhmann, N. (1977). Die Funktion der Religion. Frankfurt: Suhrkam.
McIntosh, D. N. (1995). Religion-as-schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 1-16.
Newman, J. S., Pargament, K. I. (1990). The role of religion in the problem-solving process. Review of Religious Research, 31, 390-404.
Pargament, K. I. (1990). God help me; toward a theoretical framework of coping for the psychology of religion. W: M. L. Lynn, D. O. Moberg (red.), Research in the social scientific study of religion (t. 2, s. 195-224). Greenwich: JAI Press.
Pargament, K. I. (1992). Of means and ends: Religion and the search for significance. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 4, 201-229.
Pargament, K. I. (1996). Religious methods of coping: Resources for the conservation and transformation of significance. W: E. P. Shafranske (red.), Religion and the clinical practice of psychology (s. 215-239). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping. New York–London: Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I. (2002a). The bitter and the sweet: An evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 168-181.
Pargament, K. I. (2002b). Is religion nothing but...? Explaining religion versus explaining religion away. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 239-244.
Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Vandecreek, L., Belavich, T., Brant, C., Perez, L. (1999). The vigil: Religion and the search for control in the hospital waiting room. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 327-341.
Pargament, K. I., Hahn, J. (1986). God and the just world: Causal and coping attributions to God in health situations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 25, 193-207.
Pargament, K. I., Kennell, J., Hathway, W., Grevengoed, N., Newman, J., Jones, W. (1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: Three types of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 90-104.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 4, 519-543.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig H., G., Tarakeshwar N., Hahn J. (2004). Religious Coping Methods as Predictors of Psychological, Physical and Spiritual Outcomes among Medically Ill Eldery Patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 713-730.
Pargament, K. I., Olsen, H., Reilly, B., Falgout, K., Ensing, D. S., van. Haitsma, K. (1992). God help me (II): The relationship of religious orientations to religious coping with negative life events. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31, 504-513.
Pargament, K. I., Park, C. L. (1995). Merely a defense? The variety of religious means and ends. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 13-32.
Pargament, K. I., Park, C. L. (1997). In times of stress: The religion-coping connection. W: B. Spilka, D. N. McIntosh (red.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (s. 43-53). Boulder: Westview Press.
Pargament, K. I., Reilly, B., Falgout, K., Ensing, D. S., Haitsma, K. van, Warren, R. (1990). God help me (I): Religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to significant negative life events. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 793-824.
Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal fot the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 4, 710-724.
Pargament, K. I., Zinnbauer, B. J., Scott, A. B., Butter, E. M., Zerowin, J., Stanik, P. (1998). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 77-89.
Prężyna, W. (1977). Motywacyjne korelaty centralności postawy religijnej. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Prężyna, W. (1981). Funkcja religijności w osobowości człowieka. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Schaefer, C. A., Gorsuch, R. L. (1991). Psychological adjustment and religiousness: The multivariate belief-motivation theory of religiousness. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30, 4, 448-461.
Spilka, B. (1986). The meaning of personal faith: A continuing research odyssey. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 5, 85-90.
Spilka B., Hood R., W., Hunsberger B., Gorsuch R. (2003). The psychology of religion. New York: The Guilford Press.
Striženec, M. (1998). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research and practice. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 1, 197-198.
Vergote, A. (1969). The religious man. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Wulff, D. (1999). Psychologia religii: klasyczna i współczesna. Warszawa: WSP.
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