Success and Failure Influences Hopeful Thinking in Polish Women and Men Differently

Weronika Trzmielewska; Pawel Brzóska; Mariusz Zięba

doi:10.18290/rpsych2022.0008

Weronika Trzmielewska SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4818-3067
Pawel Brzóska SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-2663
Mariusz Zięba SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3492-2236

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych2022.0008

Abstrakt

In Snyder’ theory the construct of hope is central to successful goal attainment. The present studies aimed to examine whether the experience of success versus failure in goal pursuits influence state hope, as was found in previous research. In Study 1, the participants completed a scale assessing current hopeful thoughts, and recall and describe successful, or unsuccessful goal pursuits. Then they again completed the state hope scale. In Study 2, the participants were instructed to complete two measures, assessing current hopeful thinking, and self-esteem. Then, they performed anagram tasks—representing easy, mixed, or difficult levels of difficulty, in which they respectively succeed, perform neutrally, or fail, or were assigned to control condition (the participants were sitting only). Next, they filled in the same two scales. In Study 1, state hope increased in the respondents who recalled successful goal pursuits, and decreased in those who recalled unsuccessful goal pursuits. However, this effect was moderated by gender: thinking about success increases state hope only in men, whereas thinking about failures decreases state hope just in women. In Study 2, those who experience failure experienced a decrease in state hope. However, such an effect was found only in women.

Bibliografia

Atik, G., & Atik, Z. E. (2017). Predicting hope levels of high school students: The role of academic self-efficacy and problem solving. Ted Eğitim ve Bilim, 42(190), 157–169. http://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.5348

Atkinson, J. W. (1964). An introduction to motivation. Van Nostrand.

Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586

Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trötschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1014–1027. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1014

Baryła, W., & Wojciszke, B. (2018). Success leads to agentic cognition: Two field studies. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(3), 402–408. http://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618765065

Boski, P. (2006). Humanism—materialism: Centuries-long Polish cultural origins and 20 years of research in cultural psychology. In U. Kim, K. S. Yang, & K. K. Kwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp. 373–403). Springer.

Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.676

Carducci, B. J. (2012). Expressions of the self in individualistic vs. collective cultures: A cross-cultural-perspective teaching module. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 11(3), 413–417. http://doi.org/10.2304/plat.2012.11.3.413

Chang, E. C., & Banks, K. H. (2007). The color and texture of hope: Some preliminary findings and implications for hope theory and counseling among diverse racial/ethnic groups. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(2), 94–103. http://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.13.2.94

Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automatic activation of impression formation and memorization goals: Nonconscious goal priming reproduces effects of explicit task instructions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 464–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.464

Curry, L. A., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hope takes the field: Mind matters in athletic performances. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 243–259). Elsevier. http://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012654050-5/50015-4

Doliński, D. (1993). Orientacja defensywna. Wydawnictwo Instytutu Psychologii PAN.

England, P., Levine, A., & Mishel, E. (2020). Progress toward gender equality in the United States has slowed or stalled. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(13), 6990–6997. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918891117

Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(5), 1058–1068. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058

Erikson, E. H. (1963). Youth: Change and challenge. Basic Books.

Erikson, E. H. (1994). Insight and responsibility. WW Norton & Company.

Esteban-Gonzalo, S., Esteban-Gonzalo, L., Cabanas-Sánchez, V., Miret, M., & Veiga, O. L. (2020). The investigation of gender differences in subjective wellbeing in children and adolescents: The UP&DOWN study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082732

Frieze, I. H., Whitley, B. E., Hanusa, B. H., & McHugh, M. C. (1982). Assessing the theoretical models for sex differences in causal attributions for success and failure. Sex Roles, 8(4), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287273

Graves, B. S., Hall, M. E., Dias-Karch, C., Haischer, M. H., & Apter, C. (2021). Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. Plos One, 16(8), e0255634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255634

Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1999). Culture, self-discrepancies, and self-satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 915–925. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511001

Helgeson, V. S. (2003). Gender-related traits and health. In J. Suls & K. A. Wallston (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of health and illness (pp. 367–394). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470753552.ch14

Hertel, P. T., Herrera, P., & Shamapant, P. (2021). Rumination: Practicing retrieval of autobiographical memories. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(5), 858–868. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10118-z

Hewstone, M. (1989). Causal attribution: From cognitive processes to collective beliefs. Blackwell.

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Sage.

Hyde, J. S., & Grabe, S. (2008). Meta-analysis in the psychology of women. In F. L. Denmark & M. A. Paludi (Eds.), Psychology of women: A handbook of issues and theories (pp. 142–173). Greenwood Press.

Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E., Jr. (2016). Psychology of prejudice and discrimination (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(4), 470–500.

Kuśnierz, C., Rogowska, A.M., & Palova, I. (2020). Examining gender differences, personality traits, academic performance, and motivation in Ukrainian and Polish students of physical education: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5729. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165729

Lawner, E. K. (2017). Gender and domain differences in college students’ responses to success and failure [Doctoral thesis, University of Connecticut]. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1646

Lenz, A. S. (2021). Evidence for relationships between hope, resilience, and mental health among youth. Journal of Counseling & Development, 99(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12357

Levesque, R. J. R. (2011). Sex roles and gender roles. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 2622–2623). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_602

Ling, Y., Huebner, E. S., Fu, P., Zeng, Y., & He, Y. A. (2016). A person-oriented analysis of hope in Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 446–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.048

Martin-Krumm, C., Delas, Y., Lafrenière, M. A., Fenouillet, F., & Lopez, S. J. (2015). The structure of the State Hope Scale. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 272– 281, http://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.936964

Marques, S. C., Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2017). Hope- and academic-related outcomes: A meta-analysis. School Mental Health, 9(3), 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-017-9212-9

Mandal, E. (2004). Podmiotowe i interpersonalne konsekwencje stereotypów związanych z płcią. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.

Meece, J. L., Glienke, B. B., & Burg, S. (2006). Gender and motivation. Journal of School Psychology, 44(5), 351–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.04.004

Miller, D. T. (1976). Ego involvement and attributions for success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(5), 901–906. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.5.901

Muyskens, J. L. (1979). The sufficiency of hope: The conceptual foundations of religion. Temple University Press.

Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3

Pervin, L. A. (Ed.). (1989). Goal concepts in personality and social psychology. Erlbaum.

Sengupta S., & Karmakar R. (2021). A comparative study on hope between adolescent male and female. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(3), 881–894. https://doi.org/10.25215/0903.082

Shantz, A., & Latham, G. (2011). The effect of primed goals on employee performance: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 50(2), 289–299. http://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20418

Snyder, C. R. (1994). Discovering hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), The psychology of hope. You can get there from here (pp. 1–29). The Free Press.

Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hypothesis: There is hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of Hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 3–21). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012654050-5/50003-8

Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope Theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01

Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, J., & Michael, S. T. (1999). Hoping. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 1–36). Oxford University Press.

Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 321–335. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321

Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 21: Social psychological studies of the self: Perspectives and programs (pp. 261–302). Academic Press.

Trzebinski, J., & Zieba, M. (2004). Basic hope as a world-view: an outline of a concept. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 35(3), 173–182.

Trzmielewska, W. D., Rak, T., & Wrześniowski, S. (2022). Does hope in mind influence people’s problem-solving skills? Polish Psychological Bulletin, 53(1), 22–30. http://doi.10.24425/ppb.2022.140478

Whitley Jr., B. E., & Frieze, I. H. (1986). Measuring causal attributions for success and failure: A meta-analysis of the effects of question-wording style. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 7(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp0701_3

Wojciszke, B. (2010). Sprawczość i wspólnotowość. Podstawowe wymiary postrzegania społecznego. Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

World Economic Forum. (2021). Global Gender Gap Index. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf

Yarcheski, A., & Mahon, N. E. (2014). Meta-analyses of predictors of hope in adolescents. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(3), 345–368. http://doi.org/10.1177/0193945914559545

Zuckerman, M., Li, C., & Hall, J. A. (2016). When men and women differ in self-esteem and when they don’t: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.007