The theory of psychological types in the psychology of religion and spirituality

Władysław Chaim

doi:10.18290/rpsych.2017.20.1-2en

Władysław Chaim Association of Christian Psychologists

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2017.20.1-2en

Keywords: psychological types; religiosity; Christian spirituality

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to present the current state of empirical research on the application of the theory of Jungian types to the psychology of religion and spirituality, pointing out the necessity of broadening them by including Polish context. The paper presents an outline of this theory and the methods of studying these types (MBTI, KTS, FPTS) used in religion and spiritual-ity. Next, the author presents the results of research on the relation between aspects of the theory of psychological types and the religiosity variables, prayer, and spirituality of individuals as well as groups and centers connected with religion and spirituality. The paper concludes with comments concerning the most important empirical findings and their value for science and practice. A need for research aimed at the verification and generalization of the obtained results with reference to the modern reinterpretations of Jung’s theory and methods of studying personality is also pointed out.

References

Baker, M. J. i Robbins, M. (2012). American on-line atheists and psychological type. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(10), 1077-1084.

Beile, H. (1988). Religiosität bei Jugendlichen – eine empirische Untersuchung. Lebendige Seelsorge, 39(5), 303-307.

Burns, J. A., Francis, L. J., Village, A. i Robbins, M. (2012). Psychological type profile of roman catholic priests: An empirical enquiry in the United States. Pastoral Psychology, 62(3), 239-246.

Chaim, W. (2013). Typy psychologiczne w recepcji i przekazie słowa Bożego. Roczniki Pastoralno-Katechetyczne, 5(60), 155-170.

Chaim, W. (2015). Profil typu psychologicznego, interpretacja Biblii i głoszenie słowa Bożego. Badania empiryczne. Resovia Sacra, 22, 45-69.

Clarke, T. E. (1988). Jungian types and forms of prayer. W: R. L. Moore (red.), Carl Jung and christian spirituality (s. 230-249). New York: Paulist Press.

Craig, C. L., Duncan, B. i Francis, L. J. (2006). Psychological type preferences of roman catholic priests in the United Kingdom. Journal of Beliefs and Values: Studies in Religion and Education, 27(2), 157-164.

Delis-Bulhoes, V. (1990). Jungian psychological types and christian beliefs in active church members. Journal of Psychological Type, 20, 25-33.

Dudek, Z. W. (2006). Podstawy psychologii Junga. Od psychologii głębi do psychologii integralnej. Warszawa: Eneteia.

Dye, R. C. (1990, 2011). Personality type and the differing styles of prayer and meditation for students involved in campus ministry. Strona internetowa: http://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1644&context=ecommonsatsdissertations

Fearn, M., Francis, L. J. i Wilcox, C. (2001). Attitude toward Christianity and psychological type: A survey among religious studies students. Pastoral Psychology, 49(5), 341-348.

Fourqurean, J. M., Meisgeier, C. i Swank, P. (1990). The link between learning styleand Jungian psychological type: A finding of two bipolar preference dimensions. The Journal of Experimental Education, 58(3), 225-237.

Francis, L. J. (2005). Faith and psychology: Personality, religion and the individual. London: Danton, Longmann & Todd.

Francis, L. J. (2007). Faith and psychology: The contribution of empirical research and Jungian psychological type theory to practical and pastoral teology. Psychology of Religion: American Psychological Association Division 36 Newsletter, 32(2), 1-10.

Francis, L. J. (2011). Cathedral visitors and psychological profiling. The Reader, 108(2), 10-11. Strona internetowa: http://www.readers.cofe.anglican.org/u_d_lib_pub/m1082.pdf

Francis, L. J. (2013). Psychological-type theory and Christian theology: A conflict between implicit and explicit religions? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 16(9), 964-974.

Francis, L. J. i ap Siôn, T. (2013). A „church” of implicit religion?: A study in psychological type theory and measurement. Implicit Religion, 16(2), 169-189.

Francis, L. J., Craig, C. L. i Robbins, M. (2007). The relationship between psychological type and the three major dimensions of personality. Current Psychology, 25(4), 257-271.

Francis, L. J. i Datoo, F. A. (2012). Inside the mosque: A study in psychological-type profiling. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(10), 1037-1046.

Francis, L. J. i Holmes, P. (2011). Ordained local ministers: The same Anglican orders, but diffe-rent psychological temperaments? Rural Theology, 9(2), 151-160.

Francis, L. J., Ineson, K. i Robbins, M. (2011). To whom the abbey appeals. A study in psychological type. Rural Theology, 8(2), 131-142.

Francis, L. J. i Jones, S. H. (1997). Personality and charismatic experience among adult Christians. Pastoral Psychology, 45(6), 421-428.

Francis, L. J. i Jones, S. H. (1998). Personality and Christian belief among adult churchgoers. Journal of Psychological Type, 47(1), 5-11.

Francis, L. J. i Jones, S. H. (1999). Psychological type and tolerance for religious uncertainty. Pastoral Psychology, 47(4), 253-259.

Francis, L. J., Littler, K. i Robbins, M. (2012). Mystical orientation and the perceiving process: A study among Anglican clergymen. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(9), 945-953.

Francis, L. J. i Robbins, M. (2008). Psychological type and prayer preferences: A study among Anglican clergy in the United Kingdom. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 11(1), 67-84.

Francis, L. J., Robbins, M., Boxer, A., Lewis, C. A., McGuckin, C. i McDaid, C. J. (2003). Psychological type and attitude toward christianity: A replication. Psychological Reports, 92(1), 89-90.

Francis, L. J., Robbins, M. i Cargas, S. (2012). The perceiving process and mystical orientation: An empirical study in psychological type theory among participants at the Parliament of the World’s Religions. Studies in Spirituality, 22, 341-352.

Francis, L. J., Robbins, M. i Craig, C. L. (2011). The psychological type profile of Anglican churchgoers in England: Compatible or incompatible with their clergy? International Journal of Practical Theology, 5(2), 243-259.

Francis, L. J. i Village, A. (2012). The psychological temperament of Anglican clergy in ordained local ministry (OLM): The conserving, serving pastor? Journal of Empirical Theology, 25(1), 57-76.

Francis, L. J., Village, A., Robbins, M. i Ineson, K. (2007). Mystical orientation and psychological type. An empirical study among guests staying at a Benedictine Abbey. Studies in Spirituality, 17, 207-223.

Francis, L. J., Williams, E., Robbins, M. i Annis, J. (2008). Understanding cathedral visitors: Psychological type and individual differences in experience and appreciation. Tourism Analysis, 13, 71-80.

Francis, L. J., Whinney, M. i Robbins, M. (2013). Who is called to be a bishop? A study in psychological type profiling of bishops in the Church of England. Journal of Beliefs and Values: Studies in Religion and Education, 34(2), 135-151.

Gonsowski, J. C. (1999). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Mapping to circumplexand Five-Factor Models, 4/27. Strona internetowa: http://tap3x.net/EMBTI/j5gonsowski.html

Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., Jr., McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B. i Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(1), 51-77.

Hood, R. W., Jr. (1991). Holm’s use of role theory: Empirical and hermeneutical considerations of sacred text as a source of role adoption. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 1(3), 153-159.

Howell, S. H. (2004). Students’ perceptions of Jesus’ personality as assessed by Jungian-type inventories. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(1), 50-58.

Isaksen, S. G., Lauer, K. J. i Wilson, G. V. (2003). An examination of the relationship between personality type and cognitive style, creativity. Research Journal, 15(4), 343-354.

Jacobi, J. (1968/2014). Psychologia C. G. Junga. Warszawa: Zysk i S-ka.

Jones, S. H. i Francis, L. J. (1999). Personality type and attitude toward christianity among student churchgoers. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 20(1), 105-109.

Jones, S. H., Francis, L. J. i Craig, C. L. (2005). Charismatic experience and psychological type: An empirical enquiry. Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association, 25, 39-53.

Jung, C. G. (1921/1971). Psychological types. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Jung, C. C. (1997). Typy psychologiczne. Warszawa: Wrota.

Keirsey, D. i Bates, M. (1978/1984). Please understand me: Character and temperament types. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis.

Kendra, C. (2010). Learning styles based on Jung’s theory of personality. Strona internetowa: http://psychology.about.com/od/educationalpsychology/ss/jung-styles.htm

Klinkosz, W. i Iskra, J. (2010). Examination of the relations of the Myers-Briggs type indicator and the NEO-4 Personality Inventory in a Polish sample. Psychological Reports, 107(2), 578-586.

Krebs Hirsh, S. i Kise, J. A. (1997). Looking at type and spirituality. Gainesville, FL: Center for Applied Psychological Type.

Lewis, C. A., Varvatsoulias, G. i Williams, E. (2012). The psychological type profile of practising Greek Orthodox churchgoers in London. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(10), 979-986.

McLean, J. (2013). Jung and Christian spirituality. Strona internetowa: http://www.contemplativespirituality.org/media/jmtalk150313.pdf

Michael, C. P. i Norrisey, M. C. (1984). Prayer and temperament: Different prayer forms for different personality types. Charlottesville, VA: The Open Door, Inc.

Myers, I. B. i McCauley, M. H. (1985, 1990). Manual: A guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Myers, I. B. i Myers, P. B. (1980). Gifts differing. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Nosal, C. S. (1992). Diagnoza typów umysłu. Warszawa: PWN.

Nosal, C. S. (2006). Doświadczenie numinosum, poznanie B, różne drogi religijności. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 9(1), 21-36.

Oswald, M. R. i Kroeger O. (1988). Personality type and religious Leadership. Bethesda, MD: Alban.

Piedmont, R. i Village, A. (2011). Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion (vol. 22). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.

Repicky, R. A. (1988). Jungian typology and Christian spirituality. W: R. L. Moore (red.), Carl Jung and Christian spirituality (s. 188-205). New York: Paulist Press.

Ross, C. F. J. (2011). Jungian typology and religion: A North American perspective. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 165-191.

Ross, C. F. J. i Francis, L. J. (2006). Psychological type and Christian religious affiliation among female undergraduates in Wales. Journal of Psychological Type, 66(8), 69-78.

Ross, C. F. J. i Francis, L. J. (2010). The relationship of intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious orientations to Jungian psychological type among churchgoers in England and Wales. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 13(7/8), 805-819.

Ross, C. F. J., Weiss, D. i Jackson, L. (1996). The relation of Jungian psychological type to religious attitudes and practices. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6(4), 263-279.

Silver, C., Ross, F. J. i Francis, L. J. (2012). New Kadampa Buddhists and Jungian psychological type. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(10), 1055-1064.

Uchnast, Z. (2007). Charakterystyka psychometryczna MBTI. Nieopublikowany maszynopis, Zakład Psychologii Ogólnej, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Lublin.

Village, A. (2012). Biblical literalism among anglican clergy: What is the role of psychological type? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(9), 955-968.

Village, A., Baker, S. i Howat, S. (2012). Psychological-type profiles of churchgoers in England. Mental Health Religion and Culture, 15(1), 979-986.

Village, A. i Francis, L. J. (2005). The relationship of psychological type preferences to biblical interpretation. Journal of Empirical Theology, 18(1), 74-89.

Village, A., Francis, L. J. i Craig, C. L. (2009). Church tradition and psychological type preferences among Anglicans in England. Journal of Anglican Studies, 7(1), 93-109.

Walker, D. (2014). Unsettling the guardian: Quest religiosity and psychological type among Anglican churchgoers. Abstracts. The St Mary’s Centre Annual Symposium in Practical Theology and Religious Education. 21-23 October. Noddfa, Penmaenmawr.

Ware, R., Knapp, C. R. i Schwarzin, H. (1989). Prayer form preferences of Keirsey temperaments and psychological types. Journal of Psychological Type, 17, 39-42.

Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B. i Kadar, J. L. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(4), 549-564.