Explicit and implicit materialism vs. self-esteem and readiness for self-improvement in young people
Keywords:
adolescent; implicit and explicit materialism; self-esteem; readiness for self-improvement
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to present an analysis of the relationship between explicit and implicit materialism, self-esteem, and readiness for self-improvement in teenagers. We carried out two studies. In the first one, we examined what object and activity categories are linked to teenage happiness and how the category of happiness associated with possessing things is linked to materialistic teenage attitudes. The second study looked into the associations of implicit materialism with implicit materialism, self-esteem, and readiness for self-improvement. The obtained results showed that (a) five categories of teenage happiness can be distinguished: people and animals, interests, sport, achievements, material possessions and money; (b) as initially assumed, implicit materialism is positively linked to explicit materialism and negatively linked to both self-esteem (Study 2) and readiness for self-improvement (Studies 1 and 2). However, no significant relationship was observed between explicit materialism and self-esteem or readiness for self-improvement.
References
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Auerbach, R. P., McWhinnie, C. M., Goldfinger, M., Abela, J. R. Z., Zhu, X., & Yao, S. (2010). The cost of materialism in a collectivistic culture: Predicting risky behavior engagement in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(1), 117-127.
Belk, R. W. (1985). Materialism: Trait aspects of living in the material world. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 265-280.
Buijzen M., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2003). The effect of television advertising on materialism, parent-child conflict, and unhappiness. A review of research. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 437-456.
Chan, K., & Prendergast, G. (2007). Materialism and social comparison among adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(2), 213-228.
Chaplin, N. N. (2009). “Please may I have a bike? Better yet, may I have a hug?: An examination of children’s and adolescent’s happiness.” Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 541-562.
Chaplin, L. N., & John, D. R. (2005). The development of self-brand connections in children and adolescents. Journal of Consumer Research, 32, 119-129.
Chaplin, L. N., & John, D. R. (2007). Growing up in a material world: Age differences in materialism in children and adolescents. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 480-493.
Churchill, G. A., & Moschis, G. P. (1979). Television and interpersonal influence on adolescent consumer learning. Journal of Consumer Research, 6(1), 25-35.
Chybicka, A., Kosakowska, N., & Karasiewicz, K. (2009). Związek zachowania z jawnymi i utajonymi postawami wobec płci. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 51(4), 465-490.
Coelho e Silva, M., Figueiredo, A., Elfeink-Gemmer, M., & Malina, R. (2008). Youth sports: Growth maturation and talent. Coimbra: Imprense da Universidade de Coimbra.
Cohen, P., & Cohen, J. (1996). Life values and adolescent mental health. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Czapiński, J. (2015). Diagnoza społeczna 2015. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków. Retrieved Dec 9, 2015, from http://www.diagnoza.com/pliki/raporty/Diagnoza_raport_2015.pdf
Czepielinda, E. (2014). Materializm i postrzeganie osób na podstawie typów dokonywanych zakupów (Unpublished M.A. thesis, written under the supervision of Anna Maria Zawadzka, Ph.D. hab., Professor of the University of Gdańsk). Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk.
Dzwonkowska, I., Lachowicz-Tabaczek, K., & Łaguna, M. (2008). SES. Samoocena i jej pomiar. Polska adaptacja skali SES Rosenberga. Podręcznik. Warsaw, PL: Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association.
Flouri, E. (1999). An integrated model of consumer materialism: Can economic socialization and material values predict materialistic attitudes in adolescents? Journal of Socio-Economics, 28, 707-724.
Froh, J. J., Fan, J., Emmons, R. A., Bono, G., Huebner, S. E., & Watkins, P. (2011). Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 311-324.
Goldberg, M. E., Gorn, G. J., Peracchio, L. A., & Bamossy, G. (2003). Understanding materialism among youth. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13, 278-288.
Goodman, E., Adler, N. E., Kawachi, I., Frazier, A. L., Huang, B., & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Adolescents' perceptions of social status: Development and evaluation of a new indicator. Pediatrics, 108(2), 31.
Górnik-Durose, M. (2002). Psychologiczne aspekty posiadania – między instrumentalnością a społeczną użytecznością dóbr materialnych. Katowice: University of Silesia Press.
Górnik-Durose, M., & Dziedzic, K. (2013). Środowisko rodzinne a orientacja na cele materialistyczne osób o różnych doświadczeniach generacyjnych. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 3, 22-37.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Kasser, T. (2002). The high price of materialism, London: The MIT Press.
Kasser, T. (2005). Frugality, generosity and materialism in children and adolescents. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish: Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 357-373). New York: Springer Science.
Kasser, T., Koestner, R., & Lekes, N. (2002). Early family experiences and adult values: A 26-year, prospective longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 826-835.
Kasser, T., Rosenblum, K. L., Sameroff, A. J., Deci, E. L., Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., A’rnado’ttir, O., Bond, R., Dittmar, H., Dungan, N., & Hawks, S. (2013). Changes in materialism, changes in psychological well-being: Evidence from three longitudinal studies and an intervention experiment. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 1-22.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280-287.
Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). Materialistic values: Their causes and consequences. In T. Kasser & A. Kanner (Eds.), Psychology and consumer culture: The struggle for a good life in a materialistic world (pp. 11-28). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Kasser, T. (2005). Frugality, generosity, and materialism in children and adolescents. In K. A. Moore & H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 357-373). New York: Springer Science.
Ku, L., Dittmar, H., & Banerjee, R. (2014). To have or to learn? The effects of materialism on British and Chinese children’s learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(5), 803-821.
Lewis, M., & Michalson, L. (1983). Children's emotions and moods: Developmental theory and measurement. New York: Plenum.
Łaguna, M., Lachowicz-Tabaczek, K., & Dzwonkowska, I. (2007). Skala samooceny SES Morrisa Rosenberga – polska adaptacja metody. Psychologia Społeczna, 2(4), 164-176.
Mick, D. G. (1996), Are studies of dark side variables confounded by socially desirable responding? The case of materialism. Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 106-119.
Nosek, B. A. (2007). Implicit-explicit relations. Current directions. Psychological Science, 16, 65-69.
Park, J. K., & John, D. R. (2011). More than meets the eye: The influence of implicit versus explicit self-esteem on materialism. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21(1), 73-87.
Poraj-Weder, M. (2013). Czy wychowujemy do materializmu? Postawy rodzicielskie młodych dorosłych. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 4, 46-63.
Richins, M. L., & Dawson, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 303-316.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sedikides C., & Strube M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 209-269). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Taylor, S. E., Neter, E., & Wayment, H. A. (1995). Self-evaluation processes. Personality and SocialPsychology Bulletin, 21, 1278-1287.
Williams, G. C., Cox, E. M., Hedberg, V., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Extrinsic life goals and health risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1756-1771.
Wojciszke, B. (2000). Postawy i ich zmiana. In J. Strelau (Ed.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki. Tom 3, Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Zawadzka, A. M. (2006). Wartości osobiste tłumaczące orientację materialistyczną jednostki. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 9(1), 61-80.
Zawadzka, A. M. (2013). Aspiracje materialistyczne dzieci i młodzieży w kontekście preferowanych wartości i dobrostanu. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 19(1), 7-16.
Zawadzka, A. M. (2014a). The Scale of Readiness for Self-improvement: An analysis of its internal consistency, theoretical validity and reliability. Acta Neuropsychologica, 12(1), 73-84.
Zawadzka, A. M. (2014b). Wartości, cele i dobro w kulturze konsumpcji. In A. M. Zawadzka, M. Niesiobędzka, & D. Godlewska-Werner (Eds.), Kultura konsumpcji. Wartości, cele, dobrostan. Psychologiczne aspekty zjawiska (pp. 15-37). Warsaw, PL: Wydawnictwo LiberiLibri.
Zawadzka, A. M., & Lewandowska-Walter, A. (2016, in press). Rola wartości i stylów przywiązania w kształtowaniu samooceny i materializmu nastolatków. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 21(3), 394-409. DOI: 10.14656/PFP20160
Zawadzka, A. M., & Szabowska-Walaszczyk, A. (2011). Z czym wiąże się motyw samonaprawy? Analiza wybranych wyznaczników gotowości do samonaprawy. Psychologia Jakości Życia, 10(1), 8-24.
Auerbach, R. P., McWhinnie, C. M., Goldfinger, M., Abela, J. R. Z., Zhu, X., & Yao, S. (2010). The cost of materialism in a collectivistic culture: Predicting risky behavior engagement in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(1), 117-127.
Belk, R. W. (1985). Materialism: Trait aspects of living in the material world. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 265-280.
Buijzen M., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2003). The effect of television advertising on materialism, parent-child conflict, and unhappiness. A review of research. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 437-456.
Chan, K., & Prendergast, G. (2007). Materialism and social comparison among adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(2), 213-228.
Chaplin, N. N. (2009). “Please may I have a bike? Better yet, may I have a hug?: An examination of children’s and adolescent’s happiness.” Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 541-562.
Chaplin, L. N., & John, D. R. (2005). The development of self-brand connections in children and adolescents. Journal of Consumer Research, 32, 119-129.
Chaplin, L. N., & John, D. R. (2007). Growing up in a material world: Age differences in materialism in children and adolescents. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 480-493.
Churchill, G. A., & Moschis, G. P. (1979). Television and interpersonal influence on adolescent consumer learning. Journal of Consumer Research, 6(1), 25-35.
Chybicka, A., Kosakowska, N., & Karasiewicz, K. (2009). Związek zachowania z jawnymi i utajonymi postawami wobec płci. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 51(4), 465-490.
Coelho e Silva, M., Figueiredo, A., Elfeink-Gemmer, M., & Malina, R. (2008). Youth sports: Growth maturation and talent. Coimbra: Imprense da Universidade de Coimbra.
Cohen, P., & Cohen, J. (1996). Life values and adolescent mental health. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Czapiński, J. (2015). Diagnoza społeczna 2015. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków. Retrieved Dec 9, 2015, from http://www.diagnoza.com/pliki/raporty/Diagnoza_raport_2015.pdf
Czepielinda, E. (2014). Materializm i postrzeganie osób na podstawie typów dokonywanych zakupów (Unpublished M.A. thesis, written under the supervision of Anna Maria Zawadzka, Ph.D. hab., Professor of the University of Gdańsk). Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk.
Dzwonkowska, I., Lachowicz-Tabaczek, K., & Łaguna, M. (2008). SES. Samoocena i jej pomiar. Polska adaptacja skali SES Rosenberga. Podręcznik. Warsaw, PL: Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association.
Flouri, E. (1999). An integrated model of consumer materialism: Can economic socialization and material values predict materialistic attitudes in adolescents? Journal of Socio-Economics, 28, 707-724.
Froh, J. J., Fan, J., Emmons, R. A., Bono, G., Huebner, S. E., & Watkins, P. (2011). Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 311-324.
Goldberg, M. E., Gorn, G. J., Peracchio, L. A., & Bamossy, G. (2003). Understanding materialism among youth. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13, 278-288.
Goodman, E., Adler, N. E., Kawachi, I., Frazier, A. L., Huang, B., & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Adolescents' perceptions of social status: Development and evaluation of a new indicator. Pediatrics, 108(2), 31.
Górnik-Durose, M. (2002). Psychologiczne aspekty posiadania – między instrumentalnością a społeczną użytecznością dóbr materialnych. Katowice: University of Silesia Press.
Górnik-Durose, M., & Dziedzic, K. (2013). Środowisko rodzinne a orientacja na cele materialistyczne osób o różnych doświadczeniach generacyjnych. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 3, 22-37.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Kasser, T. (2002). The high price of materialism, London: The MIT Press.
Kasser, T. (2005). Frugality, generosity and materialism in children and adolescents. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish: Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 357-373). New York: Springer Science.
Kasser, T., Koestner, R., & Lekes, N. (2002). Early family experiences and adult values: A 26-year, prospective longitudinal study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 826-835.
Kasser, T., Rosenblum, K. L., Sameroff, A. J., Deci, E. L., Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., A’rnado’ttir, O., Bond, R., Dittmar, H., Dungan, N., & Hawks, S. (2013). Changes in materialism, changes in psychological well-being: Evidence from three longitudinal studies and an intervention experiment. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 1-22.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280-287.
Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). Materialistic values: Their causes and consequences. In T. Kasser & A. Kanner (Eds.), Psychology and consumer culture: The struggle for a good life in a materialistic world (pp. 11-28). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Kasser, T. (2005). Frugality, generosity, and materialism in children and adolescents. In K. A. Moore & H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 357-373). New York: Springer Science.
Ku, L., Dittmar, H., & Banerjee, R. (2014). To have or to learn? The effects of materialism on British and Chinese children’s learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(5), 803-821.
Lewis, M., & Michalson, L. (1983). Children's emotions and moods: Developmental theory and measurement. New York: Plenum.
Łaguna, M., Lachowicz-Tabaczek, K., & Dzwonkowska, I. (2007). Skala samooceny SES Morrisa Rosenberga – polska adaptacja metody. Psychologia Społeczna, 2(4), 164-176.
Mick, D. G. (1996), Are studies of dark side variables confounded by socially desirable responding? The case of materialism. Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 106-119.
Nosek, B. A. (2007). Implicit-explicit relations. Current directions. Psychological Science, 16, 65-69.
Park, J. K., & John, D. R. (2011). More than meets the eye: The influence of implicit versus explicit self-esteem on materialism. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21(1), 73-87.
Poraj-Weder, M. (2013). Czy wychowujemy do materializmu? Postawy rodzicielskie młodych dorosłych. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 4, 46-63.
Richins, M. L., & Dawson, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 303-316.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sedikides C., & Strube M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 209-269). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Taylor, S. E., Neter, E., & Wayment, H. A. (1995). Self-evaluation processes. Personality and SocialPsychology Bulletin, 21, 1278-1287.
Williams, G. C., Cox, E. M., Hedberg, V., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Extrinsic life goals and health risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1756-1771.
Wojciszke, B. (2000). Postawy i ich zmiana. In J. Strelau (Ed.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki. Tom 3, Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Zawadzka, A. M. (2006). Wartości osobiste tłumaczące orientację materialistyczną jednostki. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 9(1), 61-80.
Zawadzka, A. M. (2013). Aspiracje materialistyczne dzieci i młodzieży w kontekście preferowanych wartości i dobrostanu. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 19(1), 7-16.
Zawadzka, A. M. (2014a). The Scale of Readiness for Self-improvement: An analysis of its internal consistency, theoretical validity and reliability. Acta Neuropsychologica, 12(1), 73-84.
Zawadzka, A. M. (2014b). Wartości, cele i dobro w kulturze konsumpcji. In A. M. Zawadzka, M. Niesiobędzka, & D. Godlewska-Werner (Eds.), Kultura konsumpcji. Wartości, cele, dobrostan. Psychologiczne aspekty zjawiska (pp. 15-37). Warsaw, PL: Wydawnictwo LiberiLibri.
Zawadzka, A. M., & Lewandowska-Walter, A. (2016, in press). Rola wartości i stylów przywiązania w kształtowaniu samooceny i materializmu nastolatków. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 21(3), 394-409. DOI: 10.14656/PFP20160
Zawadzka, A. M., & Szabowska-Walaszczyk, A. (2011). Z czym wiąże się motyw samonaprawy? Analiza wybranych wyznaczników gotowości do samonaprawy. Psychologia Jakości Życia, 10(1), 8-24.
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