Quest religion and religious fundamentalism: Two dimensions of religious orientations in empirical studies
Keywords:
religiousness; religious fundamentalism; anxiety; locus of control
Abstract
Three empirical studies were conducted (N = 64, 170, 166) to test the relationship between religious fundamentalism, quest religion, locus of control, social desirability, trait anxiety and self-concept clarity. As in previous studies, religious fundamentalism was found to be negatively related to quest religion. External locus of control was a significant predictor of religious fundamentalism, but not of quest religion, and mediated the relationship between trait anxiety and religious fundamentalism. In Study 3, self-concept clarity was found to be related to quest religion but not to religious fundamentalism. Consequences of these findings for empirical research on religiousness are discussed.
References
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Allport, G. W., Ross, J., M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443.
Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Altemeyer, B., Hunsberger, B. E. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 2, 113-133.
Altemeyer, B., Hunsberger, B. (2004). A revised religious fundamentalism scale: The short and sweet of it. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, 47-54.
Batson, C. D. (1976). Religious as prosocial: Agent or double agent? Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, 15, 29-45.
Batson, C. D., Denton, D. M., Vollmecke, J. T. (2008). Quest religion, anti‐fundamentalism, and limited versus universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 1, 135-145; doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00397.x
Batson, C. D., Eidelman, S. H., Higley, S. L., Russell, S. A. (2001). “And who is my neighbor?” II: Quest religion as a source of universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 39-50.
Batson, C. D., Raynor-Prince, L. (1983). Religious orientation and complexity of thought about existential concerns. Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 38-50.
Beeman, W. O. (2001). Fighting the good fight: Fundamentalism and religion revival. W: J. MacClancy (red.), Anthropology for real world (s. 129-144). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Besta, T., Błażek, M. (2007). Polska adaptacja Skali Fundamentalizmu Religijnego autorstwa B. Altemeyera i B. Hunsbergera. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 50, 4, 347-365.
Bianek, A. (2004). Związek zagrożonego ego z agresją. Ciemna strona narcyzmu (mps pracy magisterskiej, Uniwersytet Gdański 2004).
Błażek, M. (2008). Zróżnicowanie w poziomie dekonstrukcji Ja osób o różnej klarowności samowiedzy w sytuacji wykluczenia społecznego. W: M. Plopa, M. Błażek (red.), Współczesny człowiek w świetle dylematów i wyzwań: perspektywa psychologiczna (s. 57-68). Kraków: Impuls.
Brzozowski, P. (2008). Autorytaryzm, uprzedzenia etniczne i religia: struktura zależności przyczynowych. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 51, 3, 295-315.
Campbell, J. D. (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 3, 538-549; doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.538
Campbell, J. D., Chew, B., Scratchley, L. S. (1991). Cognitive and emotional reactions to daily events: The effects of self-esteem and self-complexity. Journal of Personality, 59, 473-505.
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1, 141-156; doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
Cichocka, A., Bilewicz, M. (2010). Co się kryje w nieistotnych efektach statystycznych? Możli-wości zastosowania analizy supresji w psychologii społecznej. Psychologia Społeczna, 5, 191-198.
Donahue, M. J. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 400-419.
Drwal, R. Ł. (1995). Adaptacja kwestionariuszy osobowości. Warszawa: PWN.
Durkheim, E. (1990). Elementarne formy życia religijnego. Warszawa: PWN.
Genia, V. (1996). I, E, quest, and fundamentalis as predictors of psychological and spiritual well-being. Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, 35, 56-64.
Grom, B. (2009). Psychologia religii. Kraków: WAM.
Guntern, A. (1978). Angst und dogmatismus. Archiv für Religionspsychologie, 13, 239-251.
Hartz, G. W., Everett, H. C. (1989). Fundamentalist religion and its effect on mental health. Journal of Religion and Health, 28, 207-217.
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408-420.
Hood, R., Spilka, B., Hunsberger, B., Gorsuch, R. L. (19962). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach. New York: Guilford.
Huber, S. (2003). Zentralität und Inhalt. Ein neues multidimensionales Messmodell der Religiosität. Opladen: Leske und Budrich.
Hunsberger, B. (1996). Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and hostility toward homosexuals in non-christian religious groups. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6, 39-49.
Hunsberger, B., Lea, J., Pancer, S. M., Pratt, M., McKenzie, B. (1992). Making life complicated: Prompting the use of integratively complex thinking. Journal of Personality, 60, 1, 95-114.
Hunsberger, B., Owusu, V., Duck, R. (1999). Religion and prejudice in Ghana and Canada: Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and attitude toward homosexuals and women. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 181-194.
Iannaccone, L. R. (1994). Why strict churches are strong. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 1180-1211.
Jakubowska, U., Oniszczenko, W. (2010). The role of personality, cognitive, environmental and genetic factors as predictors of religious fundamentalism: A twin study in a Polish sample. Studia Psychologica, 52, 3, 253-263.
Juergensmeyer, M. (1996). The word-wide rise of religious nationalism. Journal of International Affairs, 50, 1-50.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2003). Terror in the mind of God. The global rise of religious violence. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., McGregor, I., Nash, K. (2010). Religious belief as compensatory control. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 1, 37-48.
Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., Napier, J. L., Callan, M. J., Laurin, K. (2008). God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1, 18-35.
Kirkpatrick, L. (1993). Fundamentalism, Christian orthodoxy, and intrinsic religious orientation as predictors of discriminatory attitudes. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 32, 256-268.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., Hood, R. W. (1990). Intrinsic-Extrinsic religious orientation: The boon or bane of contemporary psychology of religion? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 442-462.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., Hood, R. W., Jr., Hartz, G. (1991). Fundamentalist religion conceptualized in terms of Rokeach’s theory of the open and closed mind: A theoretical model and its implications for mental health. W: M. Lynn, D. Moberg (red.), Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion (vol. 3, s. 157-170). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Kuczkowski, S. (1993). Psychologia religii. Kraków: WAM.
Lawrence, B. B. (1989). The fundamentalist revolt against modern age. San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers.
Laythe, B., Finkeld, G., Bringle, R. G., Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Religious fundamentalism as a predictor of prejudice: A two-component model. Journal for Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 623-635.
Malinowski, B. (1935). The foundations of faith and morals: An anthropological analysis of primitive beliefs and conduct with special reference to the fundamental problem of religion and ethics. London: Oxford University Press.
Marty, M. E., Appleby, R. S. (red.) (1991). Fundamentalisms observed. The fundamentalism project (vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Marty, M. E., Appleby, R. S. (1992). The glory and the power. Boston: Beacon Press.
Marty, M. E., Appleby, R. S. (red.) (1995). Fundamentalisms comprehended. The Fundamentalism Project (vol. 5). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCullough, M. E., Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 69-93.
McFarland, S. G. (1989). Religious orientations and the targets of discrimination. Journal for Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 324-336.
McGregor, I., Nash, K., Prentice, M. (2010). Reactive approach motivation (RAM) for religion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1, 148-161, doi:10.1037/a0019702.
Opara, S. (1975). Zarys teorii indywidualnej religijności. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Pargament, K. I. (2002). The bitter and the sweet: An evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 168-173.
Preacher, K. J., Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 3, 879-891.
Riesebrodt, M. (2000). Fundamentalism and the resurgence of religion. NUMEN: International Review For The History of Religions, 47, 266-287.
Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. Oxford: Basic Books.
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Rydz, E., Jakimiak, M. (2007). Wielowymiarowy model religijności S. Hubera i poznawczo-rozwojowy model religijności C. Walesy. Psychologia Rozwojowa, 12, 19-28.
Schwartz, J. P., Lindley, L. D. (2005). Religious fundamentalism and attachment: Prediction of homophobia. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15, 145-157.
Socha, P. (1999). Ways religious orientations work: A polish replication of measurement of religious orientation. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 209-228.
Sosnowski, T. W., Wrześniewski, K. (1983). Polska adaptacja inwentarza STAI do badania stanu i cechy lęku. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 26, 2, 393-412.
Stump, R. W. (2000). Boundaries of faith. Lanham: Rowman i Littlefield Publishers.
Zarzycka, B. (2007). Skala Centralności Religijności Stefana Hubera. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 10, 1, 133-157.
Allport, G. W., Ross, J., M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443.
Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Altemeyer, B., Hunsberger, B. E. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 2, 113-133.
Altemeyer, B., Hunsberger, B. (2004). A revised religious fundamentalism scale: The short and sweet of it. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, 47-54.
Batson, C. D. (1976). Religious as prosocial: Agent or double agent? Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, 15, 29-45.
Batson, C. D., Denton, D. M., Vollmecke, J. T. (2008). Quest religion, anti‐fundamentalism, and limited versus universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 1, 135-145; doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00397.x
Batson, C. D., Eidelman, S. H., Higley, S. L., Russell, S. A. (2001). “And who is my neighbor?” II: Quest religion as a source of universal compassion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 39-50.
Batson, C. D., Raynor-Prince, L. (1983). Religious orientation and complexity of thought about existential concerns. Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 38-50.
Beeman, W. O. (2001). Fighting the good fight: Fundamentalism and religion revival. W: J. MacClancy (red.), Anthropology for real world (s. 129-144). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Besta, T., Błażek, M. (2007). Polska adaptacja Skali Fundamentalizmu Religijnego autorstwa B. Altemeyera i B. Hunsbergera. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 50, 4, 347-365.
Bianek, A. (2004). Związek zagrożonego ego z agresją. Ciemna strona narcyzmu (mps pracy magisterskiej, Uniwersytet Gdański 2004).
Błażek, M. (2008). Zróżnicowanie w poziomie dekonstrukcji Ja osób o różnej klarowności samowiedzy w sytuacji wykluczenia społecznego. W: M. Plopa, M. Błażek (red.), Współczesny człowiek w świetle dylematów i wyzwań: perspektywa psychologiczna (s. 57-68). Kraków: Impuls.
Brzozowski, P. (2008). Autorytaryzm, uprzedzenia etniczne i religia: struktura zależności przyczynowych. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 51, 3, 295-315.
Campbell, J. D. (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 3, 538-549; doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.538
Campbell, J. D., Chew, B., Scratchley, L. S. (1991). Cognitive and emotional reactions to daily events: The effects of self-esteem and self-complexity. Journal of Personality, 59, 473-505.
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1, 141-156; doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.141
Cichocka, A., Bilewicz, M. (2010). Co się kryje w nieistotnych efektach statystycznych? Możli-wości zastosowania analizy supresji w psychologii społecznej. Psychologia Społeczna, 5, 191-198.
Donahue, M. J. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 400-419.
Drwal, R. Ł. (1995). Adaptacja kwestionariuszy osobowości. Warszawa: PWN.
Durkheim, E. (1990). Elementarne formy życia religijnego. Warszawa: PWN.
Genia, V. (1996). I, E, quest, and fundamentalis as predictors of psychological and spiritual well-being. Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, 35, 56-64.
Grom, B. (2009). Psychologia religii. Kraków: WAM.
Guntern, A. (1978). Angst und dogmatismus. Archiv für Religionspsychologie, 13, 239-251.
Hartz, G. W., Everett, H. C. (1989). Fundamentalist religion and its effect on mental health. Journal of Religion and Health, 28, 207-217.
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408-420.
Hood, R., Spilka, B., Hunsberger, B., Gorsuch, R. L. (19962). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach. New York: Guilford.
Huber, S. (2003). Zentralität und Inhalt. Ein neues multidimensionales Messmodell der Religiosität. Opladen: Leske und Budrich.
Hunsberger, B. (1996). Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and hostility toward homosexuals in non-christian religious groups. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6, 39-49.
Hunsberger, B., Lea, J., Pancer, S. M., Pratt, M., McKenzie, B. (1992). Making life complicated: Prompting the use of integratively complex thinking. Journal of Personality, 60, 1, 95-114.
Hunsberger, B., Owusu, V., Duck, R. (1999). Religion and prejudice in Ghana and Canada: Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and attitude toward homosexuals and women. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 181-194.
Iannaccone, L. R. (1994). Why strict churches are strong. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 1180-1211.
Jakubowska, U., Oniszczenko, W. (2010). The role of personality, cognitive, environmental and genetic factors as predictors of religious fundamentalism: A twin study in a Polish sample. Studia Psychologica, 52, 3, 253-263.
Juergensmeyer, M. (1996). The word-wide rise of religious nationalism. Journal of International Affairs, 50, 1-50.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2003). Terror in the mind of God. The global rise of religious violence. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., McGregor, I., Nash, K. (2010). Religious belief as compensatory control. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 1, 37-48.
Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., Napier, J. L., Callan, M. J., Laurin, K. (2008). God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1, 18-35.
Kirkpatrick, L. (1993). Fundamentalism, Christian orthodoxy, and intrinsic religious orientation as predictors of discriminatory attitudes. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 32, 256-268.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., Hood, R. W. (1990). Intrinsic-Extrinsic religious orientation: The boon or bane of contemporary psychology of religion? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 442-462.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., Hood, R. W., Jr., Hartz, G. (1991). Fundamentalist religion conceptualized in terms of Rokeach’s theory of the open and closed mind: A theoretical model and its implications for mental health. W: M. Lynn, D. Moberg (red.), Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion (vol. 3, s. 157-170). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Kuczkowski, S. (1993). Psychologia religii. Kraków: WAM.
Lawrence, B. B. (1989). The fundamentalist revolt against modern age. San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers.
Laythe, B., Finkeld, G., Bringle, R. G., Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Religious fundamentalism as a predictor of prejudice: A two-component model. Journal for Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 623-635.
Malinowski, B. (1935). The foundations of faith and morals: An anthropological analysis of primitive beliefs and conduct with special reference to the fundamental problem of religion and ethics. London: Oxford University Press.
Marty, M. E., Appleby, R. S. (red.) (1991). Fundamentalisms observed. The fundamentalism project (vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Marty, M. E., Appleby, R. S. (1992). The glory and the power. Boston: Beacon Press.
Marty, M. E., Appleby, R. S. (red.) (1995). Fundamentalisms comprehended. The Fundamentalism Project (vol. 5). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCullough, M. E., Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 69-93.
McFarland, S. G. (1989). Religious orientations and the targets of discrimination. Journal for Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 324-336.
McGregor, I., Nash, K., Prentice, M. (2010). Reactive approach motivation (RAM) for religion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1, 148-161, doi:10.1037/a0019702.
Opara, S. (1975). Zarys teorii indywidualnej religijności. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Pargament, K. I. (2002). The bitter and the sweet: An evaluation of the costs and benefits of religiousness. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 168-173.
Preacher, K. J., Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 3, 879-891.
Riesebrodt, M. (2000). Fundamentalism and the resurgence of religion. NUMEN: International Review For The History of Religions, 47, 266-287.
Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. Oxford: Basic Books.
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Rydz, E., Jakimiak, M. (2007). Wielowymiarowy model religijności S. Hubera i poznawczo-rozwojowy model religijności C. Walesy. Psychologia Rozwojowa, 12, 19-28.
Schwartz, J. P., Lindley, L. D. (2005). Religious fundamentalism and attachment: Prediction of homophobia. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15, 145-157.
Socha, P. (1999). Ways religious orientations work: A polish replication of measurement of religious orientation. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 209-228.
Sosnowski, T. W., Wrześniewski, K. (1983). Polska adaptacja inwentarza STAI do badania stanu i cechy lęku. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 26, 2, 393-412.
Stump, R. W. (2000). Boundaries of faith. Lanham: Rowman i Littlefield Publishers.
Zarzycka, B. (2007). Skala Centralności Religijności Stefana Hubera. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 10, 1, 133-157.
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