Comparison of existential and religious-spiritual aspects of students’ and alcohol addicts’ functioning
Keywords:
spirituality; religiosity; meaning of life; students; alcoholics anonymous
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether students and alcoholics anonymous differ in several aspects of religiosity (religious orientation, strength of religious faith, frequency of prayer and frequency of church attendance, religious coping), frequency of spiritual experiences and meaning of life. An additional aim was to verify if there a relationship exists between religiosity, frequency of spiritual experiences and meaning of life. The sample consisted of 70 participants of Alcoholics Anonymous from Pozna_ and 53 students from Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education in Pozna_. The following tools were used: Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire, The Age-Universal I-E Scale, Religious Coping Scale, Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, Purpose in Life Test, one-item scales regarding frequency of prayer and frequency of church attendance. In comparison to students, alcoholics anonymous had stronger religious faith, stronger intrinsic and personal extrinsic motivation, prayed and went to church more frequently. They were also characterized by more frequent using positive religious coping and reported more frequent contact with the transcendent reality. Among students, positive relationships between spiritual experiences and meaning of life, spiritual experiences and religiosity as well as frequency of prayer, extrinsic-social motivation and meaning of life were found.
References
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Ardelt, M. (2005). The power of purpose in aging and dying well. American Sociological Association 2005, Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 1-21.
Ardelt, M., Koenig, C. S. (2006). The role of religion for hospice patients and relatively healthy older adults. Research on Aging, 28, 2, 184-215.
Baumann, S. L., Englert, R. (2003). A comparison of three views of spirituality in oncology nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 16, 1, 52-57.
Byrd, K. R., Lear, D., Schwenka, S. (2000). Mysticism as a predictor of subjective wellbeing. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, 4, 259-269.
Cekiera, Cz. (1985). Toksykomania. Narkomania. Lekomania. Alkoholizm. Nikotynizm. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Chamberlain, K., Zika, S. (1988). Religiosity, life meaning and well-being: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 3, 411-420.
Crumbaugh, J. C. (1968). Cross-validation of purpose in life test based on Frankl’s concept. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 74-81.
Crumbaugh, J. C., Maholic, L. T. (1964). An experimental study an existentialism, the psychometric approach to Frank’s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 200-207.
Ellison, Ch. G. (1991). Religious involvement and subjective wellbeing. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 80-99.
Feher, S., Maly, R. C. (1999). Coping with breast cancer in later life: The role of religious faith. Psycho-Oncology, 8, 408-416.
Fletcher, S. K. (2004). Religion and life meaning: Differentiating between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning. Journal of Aging Studies, 18, 2, 171-185.
Francis, L. J. (2000). The relationship between bible reading and purpose in life among. 13-15 year olds. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 3, 1, 27-36.
Francis, L. J., Burton, L. (1994). The influence of personal prayer on purpose in life among catholic adolescents. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 15, 6-9.
Francis, L. J., Evans, T. E. (1996). The relationship between personal prayer and purpose in life among churchgoing and non-churchgoing twelve-to-fifteen-year-olds in the UK. Religious Education, 99, 1, 9-21.
Frankl, V. (1973). Pustka egzystencjalna. Życie i Myśl, 5, 46-51.
Frankl, V. (1977). Paradoksy szczęścia. Życie i Myśl, 1, 33-45.
Frankl, V. (1978). Psychoterapia dla każdego. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy PAX.
Frankl, V. (1998). Homo patiens. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy PAX.
Frazier, Ch., Mintz, L. B., Mobley, M. (2005). A multidimensional look at religious involvement and psychological well-being among urban elderly African Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 4, 583-590.
French, S., Joseph, S. (1999). Religiosity and its association with happiness, purpose in life and self- -actualisation. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 2, 2, 117-120.
Genia, V. (2001). Evaluation of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale in a Sample of College Students. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 11, 1, 25-33.
Głaz, S. (2002). Doświadczenie obecności Boga a sens życia. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1995). Religious aspects of substance abuse and recovery. Journal of Social Issue, 5, 2, 65-83.
Gorsuch, R. L., Venable, G. D. (1983). Development of an “Age Universal” I-E Scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 2, 181-187.
Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. D. (1986a). Life events and substance use among adolescents: Mediating effects of perceived loss of control and meaninglessness in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 3, 564-577.
Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. D., Bentler, P. M. (1986b). Depression, self-derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: Lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 5-21.
Harris, A. H. S., Thoresen, C. E., McCullough, M. E., Larson, D. B. (1999). Spiritually and religiously oriented health interventions. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 3, 413-433.
Hill, P. C., Pargament, P. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., Zinnebauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of communality and points of departure. Journal of Theory of Social Behaviour, 30, 51-57.
Hodges, S. (2002). Mental health, depression, and dimensions of spirituality and religion. Journal of Adult Development, 9, 2, 109-115.
Jim, H. S., Richardson, S. A., Golden-Kreutz, D. M., Andersen, B. L. (2006). Strategies used in coping with cancer diagnosis predict meaning of life for survivors. Health Psychology, 25, 6, 753-761.
Klaassen, D. W., McDodald, M. J., James, S. (2006). Advance in study of religious and spirituals coping. W: P. T. P. Wong, L. C. J. Wong (red.), Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (s. 105-132). New York: London: Springer.
Landrum, C. J., Underood, J. R. (2000). Spirituality of older adults: Expanding the norms of an existing instrument. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Counseling Association, Washington, March 20-25.
Lewis, Ch. A., Lanigan, C., Joseph, S., Fockert, J. (1997). Religiosity and happiness: No evidence for an association among undergraduates. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 1, 119-121.
Lewis, Ch. A., Shevlin, M., McGuckin, C., Navratil, M. (2001). The Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire: Confirmatory factor analysis. Pastoral Psychology, 49, 5, 379-384.
Loustalot, F., Wyatt, S. B., Boss, B., May, W., McDyess, T. (2006). Psychometric Examination of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 13, 3, 162-167.
Maltby, J. (1999). The internal structure of derived, revised, and amended measure of the religion orientation scale: The Age-Universal I-E Scale, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 27, 4, 407-412.
Maltby, J. (2002). The Age Universal I-E Scale-12 and orientation toward religion: Confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychology, 136, 5, 555-560.
Molcar, C. C., Stuempfig, D. W. (1988). Effects of world view on purpose in life. The Journal of Psychology, 122, 4, 365-371.
Morjaria, A., Orford, J. (2002). The role of religion and spirituality in recovery from drink problem: A qualitative study of Alcoholics Anonymous members and South Asian men. Addiction Research and Theory, 10, 3, 225-256.
Nam, J. S., Heritage, J. G., Kim, J. K. (1994). Predictors of drug/alcohol abuse and sexual promiscuity of college student. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Tenessee Counseling Assocciation, November, 22-24.
O’Connor, B. P., Vallerand, R. J. (2001). Religious motivation in elderly: A French-Canadian replication and an extension. The Journal of Social Psychology, 130, 1, 53-59.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of Religious Coping Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 4, 519-543.
Plante, T. G., Boccaccini, M. T. (1997a). Reliability and Validity of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire. Pastoral Psychology, 45, 6, 429-437.
Plante, T. G., Boccaccini, M. T. (1997b). The Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionna- ire. Pastoral Psychology, 45, 6, 375-387.
Plante, T. G., Yancey, S., Sherman, A. C., Guertin, M. (2000). The association between strength of religious faith and psychological functioning. Pastoral Psychology, 48, 5, 405-412.
Prager, E. (1996). Exploring personal meaning in an age-differentiated Australian sample: Another look at the Sources of Meaning Profile (SOMP). Journal of Aging Studies, 10, 2, 117-136.
Prężyna, W. (1981). Funkcja postawy religijnej w osobowości człowieka. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Sawatzky, R., Ratner, P. A., Chiu, L. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationships between spirituality and quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 72, 153-188.
Sherman, A. C., Plante, T. G., Simonton, S., Adams, D. C., Burris, K., Harbison, C. (1999). Assessing religious faith in medical patients: Cross-validation of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire. Pastoral Psychology, 48, 2, 129-140.
Siek, S. (1993). Wybrane metody badania osobowości. Warszawa: Akademia Teologii Katolickiej.
Soderstrom, D., Wright, E. W. (1977). Religious orientation and meaning in life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 1, 65-68.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P. (2005). Meaning in life: One link in the chain from religiousness to well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 4, 574-582.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 1, 80-93.
Stuckey, J. (2003). Faith, aging, and dementia. Experiences of Christian, Jewish, and non-religious spousal caregivers and older adults. Dementia, 2, 3, 337-352.
Underwood, L. G., Teresi, J. A. (2002). Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, preliminary constuct validity using health -related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 1, 22-33.
Vilchinsky, N., Kravetz, S. (2005). How are religious belief and behavior good for you? An investigation of mediators relating religion to mental health in sample of Israeli Jewish students. Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 4, 459-471.
Wnuk, M. (2005). Poczucie jakości życia członków wspólnoty Anonimowych Alkoholików (mps pracy magisterskiej, UAM w Poznaniu).
Wnuk, M. (2006). Zaangażowanie w ruch samopomocy a poczucie jakości życia osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Mediacyjna rola poczucia sensu życia. Alkoholizm i Narkomania, 19, 4, 357-378.
Wnuk, M. (2007). Duchowy charakter Programu 12 Kroków. Alkoholizm i Narkomania, 20, 3, 289-302.
Wnuk, M. (2008). Rola religijności dla nadziei Anonimowych Alkoholików. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 13, 1, 33-49.
Zylstra, R. E. (2006). The use of spirituality in alcohol recovery. Southern Medical Journal, 99, 6, 643.
Ardelt, M. (2005). The power of purpose in aging and dying well. American Sociological Association 2005, Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 1-21.
Ardelt, M., Koenig, C. S. (2006). The role of religion for hospice patients and relatively healthy older adults. Research on Aging, 28, 2, 184-215.
Baumann, S. L., Englert, R. (2003). A comparison of three views of spirituality in oncology nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 16, 1, 52-57.
Byrd, K. R., Lear, D., Schwenka, S. (2000). Mysticism as a predictor of subjective wellbeing. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10, 4, 259-269.
Cekiera, Cz. (1985). Toksykomania. Narkomania. Lekomania. Alkoholizm. Nikotynizm. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Chamberlain, K., Zika, S. (1988). Religiosity, life meaning and well-being: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 3, 411-420.
Crumbaugh, J. C. (1968). Cross-validation of purpose in life test based on Frankl’s concept. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 74-81.
Crumbaugh, J. C., Maholic, L. T. (1964). An experimental study an existentialism, the psychometric approach to Frank’s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 200-207.
Ellison, Ch. G. (1991). Religious involvement and subjective wellbeing. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 80-99.
Feher, S., Maly, R. C. (1999). Coping with breast cancer in later life: The role of religious faith. Psycho-Oncology, 8, 408-416.
Fletcher, S. K. (2004). Religion and life meaning: Differentiating between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning. Journal of Aging Studies, 18, 2, 171-185.
Francis, L. J. (2000). The relationship between bible reading and purpose in life among. 13-15 year olds. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 3, 1, 27-36.
Francis, L. J., Burton, L. (1994). The influence of personal prayer on purpose in life among catholic adolescents. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 15, 6-9.
Francis, L. J., Evans, T. E. (1996). The relationship between personal prayer and purpose in life among churchgoing and non-churchgoing twelve-to-fifteen-year-olds in the UK. Religious Education, 99, 1, 9-21.
Frankl, V. (1973). Pustka egzystencjalna. Życie i Myśl, 5, 46-51.
Frankl, V. (1977). Paradoksy szczęścia. Życie i Myśl, 1, 33-45.
Frankl, V. (1978). Psychoterapia dla każdego. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy PAX.
Frankl, V. (1998). Homo patiens. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy PAX.
Frazier, Ch., Mintz, L. B., Mobley, M. (2005). A multidimensional look at religious involvement and psychological well-being among urban elderly African Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 4, 583-590.
French, S., Joseph, S. (1999). Religiosity and its association with happiness, purpose in life and self- -actualisation. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 2, 2, 117-120.
Genia, V. (2001). Evaluation of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale in a Sample of College Students. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 11, 1, 25-33.
Głaz, S. (2002). Doświadczenie obecności Boga a sens życia. Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1995). Religious aspects of substance abuse and recovery. Journal of Social Issue, 5, 2, 65-83.
Gorsuch, R. L., Venable, G. D. (1983). Development of an “Age Universal” I-E Scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 22, 2, 181-187.
Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. D. (1986a). Life events and substance use among adolescents: Mediating effects of perceived loss of control and meaninglessness in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 3, 564-577.
Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. D., Bentler, P. M. (1986b). Depression, self-derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: Lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 5-21.
Harris, A. H. S., Thoresen, C. E., McCullough, M. E., Larson, D. B. (1999). Spiritually and religiously oriented health interventions. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 3, 413-433.
Hill, P. C., Pargament, P. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., Zinnebauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of communality and points of departure. Journal of Theory of Social Behaviour, 30, 51-57.
Hodges, S. (2002). Mental health, depression, and dimensions of spirituality and religion. Journal of Adult Development, 9, 2, 109-115.
Jim, H. S., Richardson, S. A., Golden-Kreutz, D. M., Andersen, B. L. (2006). Strategies used in coping with cancer diagnosis predict meaning of life for survivors. Health Psychology, 25, 6, 753-761.
Klaassen, D. W., McDodald, M. J., James, S. (2006). Advance in study of religious and spirituals coping. W: P. T. P. Wong, L. C. J. Wong (red.), Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (s. 105-132). New York: London: Springer.
Landrum, C. J., Underood, J. R. (2000). Spirituality of older adults: Expanding the norms of an existing instrument. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Counseling Association, Washington, March 20-25.
Lewis, Ch. A., Lanigan, C., Joseph, S., Fockert, J. (1997). Religiosity and happiness: No evidence for an association among undergraduates. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 1, 119-121.
Lewis, Ch. A., Shevlin, M., McGuckin, C., Navratil, M. (2001). The Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire: Confirmatory factor analysis. Pastoral Psychology, 49, 5, 379-384.
Loustalot, F., Wyatt, S. B., Boss, B., May, W., McDyess, T. (2006). Psychometric Examination of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 13, 3, 162-167.
Maltby, J. (1999). The internal structure of derived, revised, and amended measure of the religion orientation scale: The Age-Universal I-E Scale, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 27, 4, 407-412.
Maltby, J. (2002). The Age Universal I-E Scale-12 and orientation toward religion: Confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Psychology, 136, 5, 555-560.
Molcar, C. C., Stuempfig, D. W. (1988). Effects of world view on purpose in life. The Journal of Psychology, 122, 4, 365-371.
Morjaria, A., Orford, J. (2002). The role of religion and spirituality in recovery from drink problem: A qualitative study of Alcoholics Anonymous members and South Asian men. Addiction Research and Theory, 10, 3, 225-256.
Nam, J. S., Heritage, J. G., Kim, J. K. (1994). Predictors of drug/alcohol abuse and sexual promiscuity of college student. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Tenessee Counseling Assocciation, November, 22-24.
O’Connor, B. P., Vallerand, R. J. (2001). Religious motivation in elderly: A French-Canadian replication and an extension. The Journal of Social Psychology, 130, 1, 53-59.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of Religious Coping Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 4, 519-543.
Plante, T. G., Boccaccini, M. T. (1997a). Reliability and Validity of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire. Pastoral Psychology, 45, 6, 429-437.
Plante, T. G., Boccaccini, M. T. (1997b). The Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionna- ire. Pastoral Psychology, 45, 6, 375-387.
Plante, T. G., Yancey, S., Sherman, A. C., Guertin, M. (2000). The association between strength of religious faith and psychological functioning. Pastoral Psychology, 48, 5, 405-412.
Prager, E. (1996). Exploring personal meaning in an age-differentiated Australian sample: Another look at the Sources of Meaning Profile (SOMP). Journal of Aging Studies, 10, 2, 117-136.
Prężyna, W. (1981). Funkcja postawy religijnej w osobowości człowieka. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Sawatzky, R., Ratner, P. A., Chiu, L. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationships between spirituality and quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 72, 153-188.
Sherman, A. C., Plante, T. G., Simonton, S., Adams, D. C., Burris, K., Harbison, C. (1999). Assessing religious faith in medical patients: Cross-validation of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire. Pastoral Psychology, 48, 2, 129-140.
Siek, S. (1993). Wybrane metody badania osobowości. Warszawa: Akademia Teologii Katolickiej.
Soderstrom, D., Wright, E. W. (1977). Religious orientation and meaning in life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 1, 65-68.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P. (2005). Meaning in life: One link in the chain from religiousness to well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 4, 574-582.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 1, 80-93.
Stuckey, J. (2003). Faith, aging, and dementia. Experiences of Christian, Jewish, and non-religious spousal caregivers and older adults. Dementia, 2, 3, 337-352.
Underwood, L. G., Teresi, J. A. (2002). Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, preliminary constuct validity using health -related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 1, 22-33.
Vilchinsky, N., Kravetz, S. (2005). How are religious belief and behavior good for you? An investigation of mediators relating religion to mental health in sample of Israeli Jewish students. Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 4, 459-471.
Wnuk, M. (2005). Poczucie jakości życia członków wspólnoty Anonimowych Alkoholików (mps pracy magisterskiej, UAM w Poznaniu).
Wnuk, M. (2006). Zaangażowanie w ruch samopomocy a poczucie jakości życia osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Mediacyjna rola poczucia sensu życia. Alkoholizm i Narkomania, 19, 4, 357-378.
Wnuk, M. (2007). Duchowy charakter Programu 12 Kroków. Alkoholizm i Narkomania, 20, 3, 289-302.
Wnuk, M. (2008). Rola religijności dla nadziei Anonimowych Alkoholików. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 13, 1, 33-49.
Zylstra, R. E. (2006). The use of spirituality in alcohol recovery. Southern Medical Journal, 99, 6, 643.
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