Development of the body Ego in the context of the early relationship with a caregiver
Keywords:
bodily Ego; sensation; bodily experience; sense of physical identity
Abstract
This article analyses the impact of the early relationship with a caregiver on functioning of the bodily Ego. A definition is proposed of the bodily self as a concept which involves functions (sensing, interpretation, regulation) fulfilled by the bodily Ego and the contents on which it works (sensations, bodily needs, emotions and sense of physical identity). Development of specific bodily experiences was also discussed with emphasis on their associations with the abilities of an early caregiver to support the functions ascribed to the bodily Ego. The importance of bodily experience representations was highlighted for the sense of physical identity which is the phenomenological criterion of the functionality (i.e. strength) of the bodily Ego.
References
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Anzieu, D. (1979). The sound image of the self. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 42, 22-33.
Bell, K. L., Calkins, S. D. (2000). Relationships as inputs and outputs of emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 3, 160-163.
Bick, E. (1968). The experience of the skin in early object-relations. International Journal of Psycho-Analysys, 49, 483-486.
Canpolat, B. I., Orsel, S., Akdemir, A. (2005). The relationship between dieting and body image, body ideal, self-perception, and body mass index in turkish adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, 2, 150-155.
Cash, T., Deagle, E. (1997). The nature and extent of body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 2, 107-125.
Cole, J., Paillard, J. (1995). Living without touch and peripheral information about body position and movement: Studies with deafferented subjects. W: J. L. Bermudez, A. Marcel, N. Eilan (red.), The body and the self (s. 245-266). Cambridge: A Breadford Book.
Damasio, A. (2002). Błąd Kartezjusza. Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis.
Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S., Fabes, R. A. (2001). Parental socialization of children’s dysregulated expression of emotion and externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 2, 183-205.
Eliot, L. (2003). Co tam się dzieje? Warszawa: Media Rodzina.
Erikson, E. (1956). The problem of ego identity. American Journal of Psychoanalytic Association, 4, 56-118.
Fonagy, P. (1998). An attachment theory approach to treatment of the difficult patient. Bulletin of the Mennineger Clinic, 62, 147-170.
Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Leigh, T., Kennedy, R., Matoon, G., Target, M. (2000). Attachment, the revlectice self and borderline states. W: S. Goldberg, R. Muir, J. Kerr (red.), Attachment theory. Social developmental and clinical perspective (s. 233-278). New York: Hillsdale.
Fonagy, P., Steele, H., Steele, M. (1991). Maternal representations of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age. Child Development, 62, 891-905.
Gallagher, S. (1995). Body schema and intentionality. W: J. L. Bermudez, A. Marcel, N. Eilan (red.), The body and the self (s. 225-244). Cambridge: A Breadford Book.
Grotstein, J. (1980). A proposed revision of the psychoanalytic concept of primitive mental states – part I. Introduction to a newer psychoanalytic metapsychology. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 16, 478-540.
Herman, J. (2003). Uraz i powrót do równowagi. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Hoffer, W. (1950). Development of the body ego. Psychoanaytic Study of the Child, 5, 5-23.
Kepner, J. I. (1991). Ciało w procesie psychoterapii. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Pusty Obłok.
Kinsbourne, M. (1990). The brain and body awereness. W: T. Cash, T. Pruzinsky (red.), Body image. A handbook of theory, reserch and clinical practice (s. 30-37). New York–London: The Guilford Press.
Kofta, M. (1979). Samokontrola a emocje. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Kopp, C. B. (1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology, 25, 3, 343-354.
Kowalik, S. (2003). Ja cielesne – próba nowego spojrzenia. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 1, 1-2, 5-29.
Krueger, D. (1989). Body self and psychological self: Development and clinical integration in disorders of the self. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Krueger, D. (1990). Psychodynamic perspectives on body image. W: T. Cash, T. Pruzinsky (red.), Body image. A handbook of theory research and clinical practice (s. 30-37). New York– –London: The Guilford Press.
Krueger, D. (1990a). Psychodynamic approaches to changing body image. W: T. Cash, T. Pruzinsky (red.), Body image. A handbook of theory research and clinical practice (s. 461-468). New York–London: The Guilford Press.
Krueger, D. (2002). Integrating body self and psychological self. New York–London: Brunner-Routledge.
Krystal, H. (1978). Trauma and affect. Psychoanaytic Study of the Child, 33, 81-116.
Krystal, H. (1979). Alexithymia and psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 33, 1, 17-31.
Laplanche, J., Pontalis, J.-B. (1996). Słownik psychoanalizy. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne.
Mahler, M., McDevitt, J. (1982). Thoughts on the emergence of the sense of self, with particular emphasis on the body self. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 30, 827-848.
Maruszewski, T., Ścigała, E. (1998). Emocje – Aleksytymia – Poznanie. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. (2005). Czym jest inteligencja emocjonalna? W: P Salovey, D. J. Sluyter (red.), Rozwój emocjonalny a inteligencja emocjonalna: problemy edukacyjne (s. 23-69). Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis.
Mirucka, B. (2003). Ja-cielesne fundamentem osobowości. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 1, 1-2, 30-40.
Mirucka, B. (2005). Typy ja cielesnego, czyli sposoby doświadczania swojej cielesności przez kobiety. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 11, 2, 6-26.
Moloney, C. (1957). The precognitive cultural ingredients of schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 38, 324-340.
Orbach, I., Lotem-Peleg, M., Kedem, P. (1995). Attitudes toward the body in suicidal, depressed, and normal adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 25, 2, 211-221.
Orbach, I., Mikulincer, M. (1998). The Body Investment Scale: Construction, and validation of a Body Experience Scale. Psychological Assessment, 10, 415-425.
Perry, B. (1999). The memories of states: How the brain stores and retrieves traumatic experience. W: J. M. Goodwin, R. Attias (red.), Splintered reflections: Images of the body in trauma (s. 9-39). New York: Basic Books.
Piaget, J., Inhelder, B. (1993). Psychologia dziecka. Warszawa: PWN.
Reykowski, J. (1974). Eksperymentalna psychologia emocji. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Sakson-Obada, O. (2007). Ja cielesne w kontekście traumy i relacji przywiązania (mps pracy doktorskiej, UAM w Poznaniu).
Salomon, E. P., Berg, L., Martin, D., Ville, C. (1996). Biologia. Warszawa: MULTICO.
Schore, A. N. (2001). The effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 7-45.
Siek, S. (1983). Wybrane metody badania osobowości. Warszawa: Akademia Teologii Katolickiej.
Sokolik, M. (1993). Psychoanaliza i Ja. Kliniczna problematyka poczucia tożsamości. Warszawa: Jacek Santorski & CO Agencja Wydawnicza.
Sroufe, A. (1995). Emotional development. Cambridge: University Press.
Stawicka, M. (w druku). Autodestruktywność dziecięca w świetle teorii przywiązania społecznego. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. United States of America: Basic Books.
Szasz, T. (1957). A contribution to the psychology of bodily feelings. Psychoanlytical Quarterly, 26, 24-47.
Van der Kolk, B. A. (1996). The complexity of adaptation to trauma. W: A. B. van der Kolk, A. McFarlane (red.), Traumatic stress (s. 182-213). New York: The Guilford Press.
Van der Kolk, A. B., Fisler, R. (1994). Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self-regulation. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 58, 2, 145-169.
Whitehouse, A., Freeman, P., Annandale, A. (1988). Body size in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 23-26.
Williamson, D., Davis, C., Benett, S., Goreczny, A., Gleaves, D. (1989). Development of a simple procedure for assessing body image disturbances. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 433-446.
Wycisk, J. (2004). Okaleczanie ciała. Wybrane uwarunkowania psychologiczne. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Anzieu, D. (1979). The sound image of the self. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 42, 22-33.
Bell, K. L., Calkins, S. D. (2000). Relationships as inputs and outputs of emotion regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 3, 160-163.
Bick, E. (1968). The experience of the skin in early object-relations. International Journal of Psycho-Analysys, 49, 483-486.
Canpolat, B. I., Orsel, S., Akdemir, A. (2005). The relationship between dieting and body image, body ideal, self-perception, and body mass index in turkish adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, 2, 150-155.
Cash, T., Deagle, E. (1997). The nature and extent of body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 2, 107-125.
Cole, J., Paillard, J. (1995). Living without touch and peripheral information about body position and movement: Studies with deafferented subjects. W: J. L. Bermudez, A. Marcel, N. Eilan (red.), The body and the self (s. 245-266). Cambridge: A Breadford Book.
Damasio, A. (2002). Błąd Kartezjusza. Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis.
Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S., Fabes, R. A. (2001). Parental socialization of children’s dysregulated expression of emotion and externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 2, 183-205.
Eliot, L. (2003). Co tam się dzieje? Warszawa: Media Rodzina.
Erikson, E. (1956). The problem of ego identity. American Journal of Psychoanalytic Association, 4, 56-118.
Fonagy, P. (1998). An attachment theory approach to treatment of the difficult patient. Bulletin of the Mennineger Clinic, 62, 147-170.
Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Leigh, T., Kennedy, R., Matoon, G., Target, M. (2000). Attachment, the revlectice self and borderline states. W: S. Goldberg, R. Muir, J. Kerr (red.), Attachment theory. Social developmental and clinical perspective (s. 233-278). New York: Hillsdale.
Fonagy, P., Steele, H., Steele, M. (1991). Maternal representations of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age. Child Development, 62, 891-905.
Gallagher, S. (1995). Body schema and intentionality. W: J. L. Bermudez, A. Marcel, N. Eilan (red.), The body and the self (s. 225-244). Cambridge: A Breadford Book.
Grotstein, J. (1980). A proposed revision of the psychoanalytic concept of primitive mental states – part I. Introduction to a newer psychoanalytic metapsychology. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 16, 478-540.
Herman, J. (2003). Uraz i powrót do równowagi. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Hoffer, W. (1950). Development of the body ego. Psychoanaytic Study of the Child, 5, 5-23.
Kepner, J. I. (1991). Ciało w procesie psychoterapii. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Pusty Obłok.
Kinsbourne, M. (1990). The brain and body awereness. W: T. Cash, T. Pruzinsky (red.), Body image. A handbook of theory, reserch and clinical practice (s. 30-37). New York–London: The Guilford Press.
Kofta, M. (1979). Samokontrola a emocje. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Kopp, C. B. (1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology, 25, 3, 343-354.
Kowalik, S. (2003). Ja cielesne – próba nowego spojrzenia. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 1, 1-2, 5-29.
Krueger, D. (1989). Body self and psychological self: Development and clinical integration in disorders of the self. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Krueger, D. (1990). Psychodynamic perspectives on body image. W: T. Cash, T. Pruzinsky (red.), Body image. A handbook of theory research and clinical practice (s. 30-37). New York– –London: The Guilford Press.
Krueger, D. (1990a). Psychodynamic approaches to changing body image. W: T. Cash, T. Pruzinsky (red.), Body image. A handbook of theory research and clinical practice (s. 461-468). New York–London: The Guilford Press.
Krueger, D. (2002). Integrating body self and psychological self. New York–London: Brunner-Routledge.
Krystal, H. (1978). Trauma and affect. Psychoanaytic Study of the Child, 33, 81-116.
Krystal, H. (1979). Alexithymia and psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 33, 1, 17-31.
Laplanche, J., Pontalis, J.-B. (1996). Słownik psychoanalizy. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne.
Mahler, M., McDevitt, J. (1982). Thoughts on the emergence of the sense of self, with particular emphasis on the body self. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 30, 827-848.
Maruszewski, T., Ścigała, E. (1998). Emocje – Aleksytymia – Poznanie. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. (2005). Czym jest inteligencja emocjonalna? W: P Salovey, D. J. Sluyter (red.), Rozwój emocjonalny a inteligencja emocjonalna: problemy edukacyjne (s. 23-69). Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis.
Mirucka, B. (2003). Ja-cielesne fundamentem osobowości. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 1, 1-2, 30-40.
Mirucka, B. (2005). Typy ja cielesnego, czyli sposoby doświadczania swojej cielesności przez kobiety. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 11, 2, 6-26.
Moloney, C. (1957). The precognitive cultural ingredients of schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 38, 324-340.
Orbach, I., Lotem-Peleg, M., Kedem, P. (1995). Attitudes toward the body in suicidal, depressed, and normal adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 25, 2, 211-221.
Orbach, I., Mikulincer, M. (1998). The Body Investment Scale: Construction, and validation of a Body Experience Scale. Psychological Assessment, 10, 415-425.
Perry, B. (1999). The memories of states: How the brain stores and retrieves traumatic experience. W: J. M. Goodwin, R. Attias (red.), Splintered reflections: Images of the body in trauma (s. 9-39). New York: Basic Books.
Piaget, J., Inhelder, B. (1993). Psychologia dziecka. Warszawa: PWN.
Reykowski, J. (1974). Eksperymentalna psychologia emocji. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Sakson-Obada, O. (2007). Ja cielesne w kontekście traumy i relacji przywiązania (mps pracy doktorskiej, UAM w Poznaniu).
Salomon, E. P., Berg, L., Martin, D., Ville, C. (1996). Biologia. Warszawa: MULTICO.
Schore, A. N. (2001). The effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 7-45.
Siek, S. (1983). Wybrane metody badania osobowości. Warszawa: Akademia Teologii Katolickiej.
Sokolik, M. (1993). Psychoanaliza i Ja. Kliniczna problematyka poczucia tożsamości. Warszawa: Jacek Santorski & CO Agencja Wydawnicza.
Sroufe, A. (1995). Emotional development. Cambridge: University Press.
Stawicka, M. (w druku). Autodestruktywność dziecięca w świetle teorii przywiązania społecznego. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. United States of America: Basic Books.
Szasz, T. (1957). A contribution to the psychology of bodily feelings. Psychoanlytical Quarterly, 26, 24-47.
Van der Kolk, B. A. (1996). The complexity of adaptation to trauma. W: A. B. van der Kolk, A. McFarlane (red.), Traumatic stress (s. 182-213). New York: The Guilford Press.
Van der Kolk, A. B., Fisler, R. (1994). Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self-regulation. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 58, 2, 145-169.
Whitehouse, A., Freeman, P., Annandale, A. (1988). Body size in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 23-26.
Williamson, D., Davis, C., Benett, S., Goreczny, A., Gleaves, D. (1989). Development of a simple procedure for assessing body image disturbances. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 433-446.
Wycisk, J. (2004). Okaleczanie ciała. Wybrane uwarunkowania psychologiczne. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
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