The notion of competence in psychology
Keywords:
competence; time competence; temporal competence
Abstract
The term “competence” owes its interdisciplinary character to the richness of its semantic contest. Hence, it is used in various scientific disciplines, including the social sciences. The objective of the following article is to look more closely at the notion of competence, that is, how is has been approached in psychology from the late 1950 till today. The article aims at presenting the issues related to the conceptualization of competence. Furthermore, some ambiguities in the nomenclature used by researchers and theoreticians as well as in the way competence is presents have been noticed. It has provoked the author of this article to formulate some specifications. Some efforts have been made to systematize the knowledge in this area. The analsis of competence has finally resulted in the defining personality competence indicators and formulating the basis to mark them out from personal competences. As an illustration of the latter temporal competences have been discussed in some detail.
References
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Baumrind, D. (1990). Doing good well. W: C. B. Fisher, W. W. Tryon (red.), Ethical issues in applied developmental psychology (s. 17-28). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Baumrind, D. (1998). Reflections on character and competence. W: A. Colby, J. James, D. Hart (red.), Competence and character through life. Chicago–London: The University of Chicago Press.
Borkowska, A. (1999). Nadpobudliwość psychoruchowa w neuropsychologicznej koncepcji Russella A. Barkleya. W: A. Herzyk, A. Borkowska (red.), Neuropsychologia kliniczna (s. 165-190). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
Cherniss, C. (1993). Role of professional self-efficacy in the etiology and amelioration of burnout. W: W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, T. Marek (red.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (s. 135-149). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Chomsky, N. (1967). The formal nature of language. W: E. Lenneberg (red.), Biological foundations of language (s. 397-442). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clausen, J. A. (1968). Values, norms, and the health called “mental”: purposes and feasibility of assessment. W: S. B. Sells (red.), The definition and measurement of mental health. National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Public Health Service.
Colby, A., James, J., Hart, D. (1998). Competence and character through life. Chicago–London: The University of Chicago Press.
Dudzikowa, M. (1993). Praca młodzieży nad sobą. Warszawa: WSiP.
Furmanek, W. (2000). Podstawy edukacji zawodowej. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Oświatowe FOSZE.
Goleman, D. (1999). Inteligencja emocjonalna w praktyce. Poznań: Media Rodzina.
Gorman, P., Thomas, H. (1997). The theory and practice of competence-based systems. Long Range Planning, 30, 4, 615-620.
Harris, J. G. (1973). A science of the South Pacific. Analysis of the character structure of the Peace Corps volunteer. American Psychologist, 28, 232-247.
Heath, D. H. (1977). Maturity and competence. A transcultural view. New York: Gardner Press, Inc.
Heller, M. (1992). Filozofia świata. Kraków: Znak.
Hymes, D. (1980). Socjolingwistyka i etnografia mówienia. W: M. Głowiński (red.), Język i społeczeństwo (s. 152-167). Warszawa: Czytelnik.
Keen, K. (1990). Competence – what is it and how can it be developed. W: F. Fevre, B. Muylwijk (red.), Training For Competitiveness (s. 61-71). De Cirkel, Bussum.
Kuhl, J. (1994). A theory of action and state orientations. W: J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (red.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (s. 1-11). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber Publihers.
Lecoeuche, R., Catinaud, O., Gréboval-Barry, C. (1996). Competence in human beings and know-ledge-based systems. In the proceedings of the KAW’96, 9-14 November, Banff (Canada), 2, 1-38.
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Lens, W. (2004). Future time perspective. A psychological approach. Paper presented at the Symposium: The Psychology of Time: Theoretical Inspirations, Experience, Temporal Competencies, Empirical Approaches. Lublin: Catholic University of Lublin, 20-21 Sept. 2004.
Matczak, A. (2001). Różne oblicza inteligencji: funkcjonowanie intelektu a osobowość. Studia Psychologica UKSW, 2, 157-174.
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence”. American Psychologist, 28, 1-14.
Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 4, 252-283.
Nosal, C. S., Bajcar, B. (2004). Czas psychologiczny: wymiary, struktura, konsekwencje. Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii PAN.
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Port, R. F. (1996). A letter to the editor in response to A. Manaster-Ramer “Letter from an incompletely neutral phonologist”. Journal of Phonetics, 24, 491-511.
Raven, J. (1977a). On the components of competence and their development in education. Teachers College Record, 78, 457-475.
Raven, J. (1977b). Toward a conceptual framework for thinking about human resources, their assessment, dvelopment and consequences. Personnel Review, 6, 21-29.
Raven, J. (1984). Competence in modern society: Its identification, development and release. Oxford, England: Oxford Psychologists Press.
Raven, J. (1987). Assessing competence: A new psychometric paradigm. A Paper prepared for the American Educational Research Association, Washington.
Raven, J. (1988). The assessment of competencies. W: H. D. Black, W. B. Dockrell (red.), New Developments in Educational Assessment: British Journal of Educational Psychology, Monograph Series 3, 98-126.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 1, 68-78.
Saarni, C. (1988). Emotional competence: How emotions and relationships become integrated. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1988.
Salovey, P., Sluyter, D. J. (1999). Rozwój emocjonalny a inteligencja emocjonalna. Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy REBIS.
Shostrom, E. L. (1964). An inventory for the measurement of self-actualization. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 24 (2), 207-218.
Shostrom, E. L. (1967). Man, the manipulator. New York: Abigdon Press.
Shostrom, E. L. (1968). Eits Manual for the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). An Inventory for the Measurement of Self-Actualization. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
Shostrom, E. L. (1972). Freedom to be. New York: Bantam Books, Inc.
Smith, M. B. (1961). “Mental health” reconsidered: A special case of the problem of values in psychology. American Psychologist, 16, 299-306.
Smith, M. B. (1968). Competence and “mental health”: Problems in conceptualizing human effectiveness. W: S. B. Sells (red.), The definition and measurement of mental health. U. S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public health Service.
Smith, M. B. (1969). Social psychology and human values. Chicago: Aldine.
Smith, M. B. (1974). Competence and adaptation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 28, 11-15.
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L. (2003). The psychology of abilities, competencies, and expertise. Cambridge, UK–New York: Cambridge University Press.
Szewczyk, W., Uchnast, Z. (1978). Metoda pomiaru samoaktualizacji E. L. Shostroma. Zagadnienia Wychowawcze a Zdrowie Psychiczne, 1, 28-44.
Tokarz, A. (1999). Kierowanie sobą i konstruowanie działania: dwie współczesne teorie motywacji. W: A. Gaudowa (red.), Wybrane zagadnienia z psychologii osobowości. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, s. 67-102.
Uchnast, Z. (1993). Psychologiczna analiza doświadczenia świata-w-którym-żyjemy: podstawowe założenia psychologii fenomenologiczno-egzystencjalnej. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace Psychologiczne, 9, 109-118.
Uchnast, Z. (1994). Reinterpretacja założeń psychologii postaci: od modelu całości jako symbolicznej figury do modelu całości naturalnej jako ekosystemu. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 42, 4, 33-71.
Uchnast, Z., Tucholska, K. (2003). Kompetencje temporalne – metoda pomiaru. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 6, 131-150.
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered. The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 5, 297-333.
White, R. W. (1963). Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory. New York: International Universities Press.
White, B. L. (1971). Fundamental early environmental influences on the development of competence. Paper presented Third Western Symposium on Learning: Cognitive Learning, Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington.
White, R. W. (1974). Personal correspondence. New York: Dryden Press.
Wynn, K. (1998). Psychological foundations of number: Numerical competence in human infants. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 8, 296-303.
Baumrind, D. (1990). Doing good well. W: C. B. Fisher, W. W. Tryon (red.), Ethical issues in applied developmental psychology (s. 17-28). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Baumrind, D. (1998). Reflections on character and competence. W: A. Colby, J. James, D. Hart (red.), Competence and character through life. Chicago–London: The University of Chicago Press.
Borkowska, A. (1999). Nadpobudliwość psychoruchowa w neuropsychologicznej koncepcji Russella A. Barkleya. W: A. Herzyk, A. Borkowska (red.), Neuropsychologia kliniczna (s. 165-190). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
Cherniss, C. (1993). Role of professional self-efficacy in the etiology and amelioration of burnout. W: W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, T. Marek (red.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research (s. 135-149). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Chomsky, N. (1967). The formal nature of language. W: E. Lenneberg (red.), Biological foundations of language (s. 397-442). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clausen, J. A. (1968). Values, norms, and the health called “mental”: purposes and feasibility of assessment. W: S. B. Sells (red.), The definition and measurement of mental health. National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Public Health Service.
Colby, A., James, J., Hart, D. (1998). Competence and character through life. Chicago–London: The University of Chicago Press.
Dudzikowa, M. (1993). Praca młodzieży nad sobą. Warszawa: WSiP.
Furmanek, W. (2000). Podstawy edukacji zawodowej. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Oświatowe FOSZE.
Goleman, D. (1999). Inteligencja emocjonalna w praktyce. Poznań: Media Rodzina.
Gorman, P., Thomas, H. (1997). The theory and practice of competence-based systems. Long Range Planning, 30, 4, 615-620.
Harris, J. G. (1973). A science of the South Pacific. Analysis of the character structure of the Peace Corps volunteer. American Psychologist, 28, 232-247.
Heath, D. H. (1977). Maturity and competence. A transcultural view. New York: Gardner Press, Inc.
Heller, M. (1992). Filozofia świata. Kraków: Znak.
Hymes, D. (1980). Socjolingwistyka i etnografia mówienia. W: M. Głowiński (red.), Język i społeczeństwo (s. 152-167). Warszawa: Czytelnik.
Keen, K. (1990). Competence – what is it and how can it be developed. W: F. Fevre, B. Muylwijk (red.), Training For Competitiveness (s. 61-71). De Cirkel, Bussum.
Kuhl, J. (1994). A theory of action and state orientations. W: J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (red.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (s. 1-11). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber Publihers.
Lecoeuche, R., Catinaud, O., Gréboval-Barry, C. (1996). Competence in human beings and know-ledge-based systems. In the proceedings of the KAW’96, 9-14 November, Banff (Canada), 2, 1-38.
Lens, W. (1994). Odraczanie nagrody, samokontrola a przyszłościowa perspektywa czasowa. W: A. Januszewski, P. Oleś, T. Witkowski (red.), Wykłady z psychologii w KUL (s. 297-308). Lublin: RW KUL.
Lens, W. (2004). Future time perspective. A psychological approach. Paper presented at the Symposium: The Psychology of Time: Theoretical Inspirations, Experience, Temporal Competencies, Empirical Approaches. Lublin: Catholic University of Lublin, 20-21 Sept. 2004.
Matczak, A. (2001). Różne oblicza inteligencji: funkcjonowanie intelektu a osobowość. Studia Psychologica UKSW, 2, 157-174.
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for “intelligence”. American Psychologist, 28, 1-14.
Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 4, 252-283.
Nosal, C. S., Bajcar, B. (2004). Czas psychologiczny: wymiary, struktura, konsekwencje. Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii PAN.
Nuttin, J. (przy współpracy W. Lensa) (1985). Future time perspective and motivation. Theory and research method. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
Port, R. F. (1996). A letter to the editor in response to A. Manaster-Ramer “Letter from an incompletely neutral phonologist”. Journal of Phonetics, 24, 491-511.
Raven, J. (1977a). On the components of competence and their development in education. Teachers College Record, 78, 457-475.
Raven, J. (1977b). Toward a conceptual framework for thinking about human resources, their assessment, dvelopment and consequences. Personnel Review, 6, 21-29.
Raven, J. (1984). Competence in modern society: Its identification, development and release. Oxford, England: Oxford Psychologists Press.
Raven, J. (1987). Assessing competence: A new psychometric paradigm. A Paper prepared for the American Educational Research Association, Washington.
Raven, J. (1988). The assessment of competencies. W: H. D. Black, W. B. Dockrell (red.), New Developments in Educational Assessment: British Journal of Educational Psychology, Monograph Series 3, 98-126.
Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 1, 68-78.
Saarni, C. (1988). Emotional competence: How emotions and relationships become integrated. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1988.
Salovey, P., Sluyter, D. J. (1999). Rozwój emocjonalny a inteligencja emocjonalna. Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy REBIS.
Shostrom, E. L. (1964). An inventory for the measurement of self-actualization. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 24 (2), 207-218.
Shostrom, E. L. (1967). Man, the manipulator. New York: Abigdon Press.
Shostrom, E. L. (1968). Eits Manual for the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). An Inventory for the Measurement of Self-Actualization. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
Shostrom, E. L. (1972). Freedom to be. New York: Bantam Books, Inc.
Smith, M. B. (1961). “Mental health” reconsidered: A special case of the problem of values in psychology. American Psychologist, 16, 299-306.
Smith, M. B. (1968). Competence and “mental health”: Problems in conceptualizing human effectiveness. W: S. B. Sells (red.), The definition and measurement of mental health. U. S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public health Service.
Smith, M. B. (1969). Social psychology and human values. Chicago: Aldine.
Smith, M. B. (1974). Competence and adaptation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 28, 11-15.
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L. (2003). The psychology of abilities, competencies, and expertise. Cambridge, UK–New York: Cambridge University Press.
Szewczyk, W., Uchnast, Z. (1978). Metoda pomiaru samoaktualizacji E. L. Shostroma. Zagadnienia Wychowawcze a Zdrowie Psychiczne, 1, 28-44.
Tokarz, A. (1999). Kierowanie sobą i konstruowanie działania: dwie współczesne teorie motywacji. W: A. Gaudowa (red.), Wybrane zagadnienia z psychologii osobowości. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, s. 67-102.
Uchnast, Z. (1993). Psychologiczna analiza doświadczenia świata-w-którym-żyjemy: podstawowe założenia psychologii fenomenologiczno-egzystencjalnej. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace Psychologiczne, 9, 109-118.
Uchnast, Z. (1994). Reinterpretacja założeń psychologii postaci: od modelu całości jako symbolicznej figury do modelu całości naturalnej jako ekosystemu. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 42, 4, 33-71.
Uchnast, Z., Tucholska, K. (2003). Kompetencje temporalne – metoda pomiaru. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 6, 131-150.
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered. The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 5, 297-333.
White, R. W. (1963). Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory. New York: International Universities Press.
White, B. L. (1971). Fundamental early environmental influences on the development of competence. Paper presented Third Western Symposium on Learning: Cognitive Learning, Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington.
White, R. W. (1974). Personal correspondence. New York: Dryden Press.
Wynn, K. (1998). Psychological foundations of number: Numerical competence in human infants. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 8, 296-303.
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