Psychological aspects of getting tattooed
Keywords:
body modification; tattoo; motivation; personality; identity
Abstract
Tattooing was practiced in almost every human community. Very often, its functions and the motivations behind it varied significantly. After a long period of negative stigmatization, getting tattooed has become fashionable in the last decade. The purpose of this article is to collect the available results of studies on the phenomenon of tattooing. After a brief introduction, subsequent paragraphs deal with the motivational determinants of undertaking such practices and the relationship between tattooing and self-mutilation. This paper also reports studies focused on the personality traits of people who get tattooed as well as on the relationship between tattooing and identity. A separately discussed issue is the role of tattoos in individual identity projects as well as the impact tattoos have on the sense of group identity. In addition, attempts were made to raise new research questions.
References
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Armstrong, M. L., Stuppy, D. J., Gabriel, D. C., Anderson, R. R. (1996). Motivation for tattoo removal. Archives of Dermatology, 40, 22-29.
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Atkinson, M., Young, K. (2001). Flesh journey: Neo primitives and the contemporary rediscovery of radical body modification. Deviant Behavior, 22, 117-146.
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Brooks, T. L., Woods, E. R., Knight, J. R., Shrier, L. A. (2003). Body modification and substance use in adolescents: Is there a link? Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 44-49.
Byrne, D. (1969). Attitudes and attraction. W: L. Berkowitz (red.), Advances in experimental social psychology (t. 4, s. 35-89). San Diego: Academic Press.
Cahill, S., Riley, S. (2001). Exploring women, body art and self identity. W: M. Banin, A. Guy, E. Green (red.), Personal collections: Women’s relationships with their clothes. New York: Berg.
Caliendo, C., Armstrong, M. L., Roberts, A. E. (2005). Self-reported characteristics of women and men with intimate body piercings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49, 474-484.
Carroll, L., Anderson, R. (2002). Body piercing, tattooing, self-esteem, and body investment in adolescent girls. Adolescence, 37, 627-637.
Carroll, S. T., Riffenburgh, R. H., Roberts, T. A., Myhre, E. B. (2002). Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Pediatrics, 109, 1021-1027.
Cash, T. F., Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Body images: Development, deviance and change. New York: Guilford Press.
Chartrand, T. L., Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910.
Claes, L., Vanderycken, W., Vertommen, H. (2003). Eating-disordered patients with and without self-injurious behaviors: A comparison of psychopathological features. European Eating Disorders Review, 11, 379-396.
Claes, L., Vanderycken, W., Vertommen, H. (2005). Self-care versus self-harm: Piercing, tattooing, and self-injuring in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 13, 11-18.
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Deaux, K. (1992). Personalizing identity and socializing self. W: G. Breakwell (red.), Social psychology of identity and the self-concept (s. 9-33). London: Academic Press.
Deaux, K. (1993). Reconstructing social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 4-12.
Degelman, D., Price, N. D. (2002).Tattoos and ratings of personal characteristics. Psychological Reports, 90, 507-514.
Delazar, M. E. (2005).The relationship between self-esteem, objectified body consciousness, personality traits and body modification: An exploratory study. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Science and Engineering, 65, 5395.
Delio, M. (1994). Tattoo: The exotic art of skin decoration. London: Virgin Publishing.
DeMello, M. (1995). Not just for bikers anymore: Popular representations of American tattooing. Journal of Popular Culture, 29, 37-52.
DeMello, M. (2000). Bodies of inscription: A cultural history of the modern tattoo community. Durham: Duke University Press.
DiClemente, R. J., Ponton, L. E., Hartley, D. (1991). Prevalence and correlates of cutting behavior: Risk for HIV transmission. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 735-739.
Drews, D. R., Allison, C. K., Probst, J. R. (2000). Behavioral and self-concept differences on tattooed and non-tattooed college students. Psychological Reports, 86, 475-481.
Dulit, R., Fyer, M. R., Leon, A. C., Brodsky, B. S., Frances, A. J. (1994). Clinical correlates of self-mutilation in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1305-1311.
Durkin, K., Houghton, S. (2000). Children’s and adolescents’ stereotyped of tattooed people as delinquent. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 5, 153-164.
Favazza, A. R. (1996). Bodies under siege: Self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Favazza, A. R., Rosenthal, R. J. (1993). Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 134-140.
Ferguson, H. (1999). Body piercing. British Medical Journal, 319, 1627-1629.
Forbes, G. B. (2001). College students with tattoos and piercing. Motives, family experiences, personality factors and perception by others. Psychological Reports, 89, 744-786.
Friedrich, M. (1993). Tattoos in Germany – a cultural-sociological examination in the present. Vol. 14. Würzburg.
Geertz, C. (1984). From the native’s point of view: On the nature of anthropological understanding. W: R. A. Shweder, R. A. Levine (red.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self and emotion (s. 123-137). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Giddens, A. (2007). Nowoczesność i tożsamość. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Gilbert, S. (2001). Tattoo history: A source book. New York: Juno Books.
Grief, J., Hewitt, W., Armstrong, M. L. (1999). Tattoo and body piercing: Body art practices among students. Clinical Nursing Research, 8, 368-385.
Hawkes, D., Senn, C. Y., Thorn, C. (2004). Factors that influence attitudes toward women with tattoos. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 50, 593-604.
Hebdige, D. (1997). Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Methuen.
Howell, R. J., Payne, I. R., Roe, A. V. (1971). Diffrences among behavioral variables, personal characteristics, and personality scores of tattooes and non-tattooed prison inmates. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 8, 32-37.
Jeffreys, S. (2000). “Body art” and social status: Cutting, tattooing and piercing from a feminist perspective. Feminism & Psychology, 10, 409-429.
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1204-1213.
Johnson, R. D., Downing, L. L. (1979). Deindividuation and valence of cues: Effects on prosocial and antisocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1532-1538.
Kim, J. J. (1991). A cultural psychiatric study on tattoos of young Korean males. Yonsei Medical Journal, 32, 255-262.
Koziel, S., Kretschmer, W., Pawłowski, B. (2010). Tattoo and piercing as signals of biological quality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 187-192.
Langford, R. (1996). The hole truth. Nursing Times, 92, 46-47.
Lineberry, C. (2007). Tattoo; http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/tattoo.html (13.01.2009).
Long, G. E., Rickman, L. S. (1994). Infectious complications of tattoos. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 18, 610-619.
Ludvico, L. R., Kurland, J. A. (1995). Symbolic or not-so-symbolic wounds. The behavioral eco- logy of human scarification. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 155-172.
Martin, A. (1997). On teenagers and tattoos. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 860-861.
Martin, B., Dula, C. S. (2010). More than skin deep: Perceptions of, and stigma against, tattoos. College Student Journal, 44, 200-206.
McKinley, N. M. (1999). Woman and objectified body consciousness: Mothers’ and daughters’ body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context. Developmental Psychology, 35, 760-769.
Millner, L., Eichold, B. H. (2001). Body piercing and tattooing perspectives. Clinical Nursing Research, 10, 424-441.
Mosher, D., Oliver, W., Dolgan, J. (1967). Body image in tattooed prisoners. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 31-32.
Myers, J. (1992). Non-mainstream body modifications: Genital piercing, branding, burning and cutting. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 213, 267-306.
Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., Williams, K. M. (2006). Personality and misconduct correlates of body modification and other cultural deviance markers. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 779-802.
Newton, J. R., Freeman, C. P., Munro, J. (1993). Impulsivity and dyscontrol in bulimia nervosa: Is impulsivity and independent phenomenon or a marker of severity? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 389-394.
Pawłowski, B. (2009). Biologia atrakcyjności człowieka. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Pinaire-Reed, J. A. (1979). Personality correlates of predisposition to fashion: Dogmatism and Machiavellianism. Psychological Reports, 45, 269-270.
Pitts, V. (2003). In the flesh: The cultural politics of body modification. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Riley, S. C. E., Cahill, S. (2005). Managing meaning and belonging: Young women’s negotiation of authenticity in body art. Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 261-279.
Roberti, J. W., Storch, E. A., Bravata, E. (2004). Sensation seeking, exposure to psychosocial stressors, and body modifications in a college population. Personality and Individual Diffe- rences, 37, 1167-1177.
Roberts, B. W., Bogg, T., Walton K. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S. E. (2004). A lexical investigation of the lower-order structure of conscientiousness. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 164-178.
Roberts, T. A., Ryan, S. A. (2002). Tattooing and high-risk behavior in adolescents. Pediatrics, 110, 1058-1063.
Rubin, A. (1987). Marks of civilization. Los Angeles. CA: Museum of Cultural History,
Sampson, R. (1998). Establishing embodiment in psychology. W: H. J. Stearns (red.), The body in psychology (s. 30-53). London: Sage.
Sanders, C. R. (1988). Marks of mischief: Becoming and being tattoed. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 16, 395-432.
Sanders, C. R. (1989). Customizing the body: The art and culture of tattooing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Schildkrout, E. (2004). Inscribing the body. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 319-344.
Shilling C. (2003). The body and social theory. London: Sage.
Simeon, D., Stanley, B., Frances, A., Mann, J. J., Winchel, R., Stanley, M. (1992). Self-mutilation in personality disorders: Psychological and biological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 221-226.
Singh, D., Bronstad, P. M. (2001). Female body odour is a potential cue to ovulation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 797-801.
Smith, E. R., Henry, S. (1996). An in-group becomes part of the self: Response time evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 635-642.
Stephens, M. B. (2003). Behavioral risks associated with tattooing. Clinical Research and Methods, 35, 52-53.
Stirn, A. (2001). From ritual initiation to the decorated skin: Tattoo as mirrored by tribal traditions and a new perception of art. Psychotherapie und Sozialwissenschaften, 3-4, 283-305.
Stirn, A. (2003). Body piercing: Medical consequences and psychological motivations. Lancet, 361, 1205-1213.
Stirn, A. (2004). Motivations of tattooed and pierced for their body modifications. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 51, 43-58.
Stuppy, D. J., Armstrong, M. L., Casals-Ariet, C. (1998). Attitudes of health care providers and students toward tattooed people. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27, 1165-1170.
Sullivan, N. (2001). Tattooed bodies: Subjectivity, textuality, ethics and pleasure. London: Praeger.
Swami, V., Furnham, A. (2007). Unattractive, promiscuous, and heavy drinkers: Perceptions of women with tattoos. Body Image, 4, 343-352.
Sweetman, P. (1999). Anchoring the postmodern self? Body modification, fashion and identity. Body and Society, 5, 51-76.
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