The borders of spirituality - the first approach
Keywords:
spirituality; life attitude; components of spirituality; life meaning
Abstract
Delimitation of spirituality phenomenon is very difficult task. Young history of researching this phenomena shows the spirituality as not only seeking for sacred, not only religion or beliefs, but much more complicated construct. The body of many research from different fields of psychology shows different points of view and perspectives in which spirituality may be investigated. There are three visible approaches which treat spirituality as: 1) life attitude, 2) dimension of personality and 3) cognitive schema. The first of above standpoint/hypothesis was tested. Objectives (N = 200) were young people, students of the universities and academies of different interests: humanistic, exact science and artistic. They were asked what the spirituality generally is (broad social/cultural meaning), especially for them (personal meaning) and what spiritual strivings are. The results showed very differentiated understanding of spirituality depending on particular interests and the three formal components of it: cognitive, emotional and behavioral one.
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Skrzypińska, K. (2005). From spirituality to religiousness – is this a one-way direction? W: T. Maliszewski, W. J. Wojtowicz, J. Żerko (red.), Antology of social and behavioral science (s. 491-501). Gdańsk–Linköping: University of Gdańsk–Linköpings Universitet.
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Socha, P. (2009). Główne kategorie psychologii religii: próba uporządkowania. Nomos. Kwartalnik Religioznawczy, 65-66, 135-164.
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Watts, F., Williams, M. (1988). The psychology of religious knowing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Zohar, D. (2000). SQ: Spiritual intelligence, the ultimate intelligence. London: Bloomsbury.
Barnes-Holmes, D., Hayes, S. C., Gregg, J. (2001). Religion, spirituality, and transcendence. W: S. C. Hayes, D. Barnes-Holmes, B. Roche (red.), Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition (s. 239-251). New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
Cantor, N. (2002). Contructive cognition, personal goals, and the social embedding of personality. W: L. G. Aspinwall, U. M. Staudinger (red.), A psychology of human strength (s. 49-60). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Chlewiński, Z. (1980). Z badań obrazu religii w świadomości społecznej. Więź, 2, 13-31.
Chlewiński, Z. (1982). Wprowadzenie do psychologii religii. W: Z. Chlewiński (red.), Psychologia religii (s. 11-59). Lublin: TN KUL.
Chlewiński, Z. (1991). Dojrzałość: osobowość, sumienie, religijność. Poznań: Wydawnictwo „W drodze”.
Dobroczyński, B. (2009). Kłopoty z duchowością. Szkice z pogranicza psychologii. Kraków: Nomos.
Eagly, A., Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., Sanders, C. (1988). Toward a humanistic – phenomenological spirituality. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, 4, 5-18.
Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns. New York: Guilford Press.
Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Helminiak, D. A. (1996). The human core of spirituality: Mind as psyche and spirit. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Heszen-Niejodek, I., Gruszczyńska, E. (2004). Wymiar duchowy człowieka, jego znaczenie w psychologii zdrowia i jego pomiar. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 47, 1, 15-31.
Koenig, H. G. (2008). Concerns about measuring “Spirituality” in research. The Journal of Ner- vous and Mental Disease, 196, 5, 349-355.
Kozielecki, J. (1991). Z Bogiem albo bez Boga. Warszawa: PWN.
MacDonald, D. A. (2000). Spirituality: Description, measurement, and relation to the Five Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality, 68, 1, 153-197.
MacDonald, D., A., Tsagarakis, C. I., Holland, C. J. (1994). Validation of a measure of transpersonal self-concept and its relationship to Jungian and five-factor model conceptions of personality. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 26, 175-201.
Mądrzycki, T. (1977), Psychologiczne prawidłowości kształtowania się postaw. Warszawa: PZWS.
McIntosh, D. N. (1995). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 5, 1-16.
Moskowitz, G. B. (2005). Social cognition: Understanding self and others. New York: Guilford Press.
Ozorak, E. W. (1997). In the eye of the beholder: A social-cognitive model of religious belief. W: B. Spilka, D. N. McIntosh (red.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (s. 194-203). Boulder, CO: Westview.
Ozorak, E. W. (2005). Cognitive approaches to religion. W: R. F. Paloutzian, C. L. Park (red.), The handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (s. 253-273). New York: Guilford Press.
Paloutzian, R. F., Park, C. (2005). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. London: Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping. New York: Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A. (2002). Spirituality: Discovering and conserving the sacred. W: C. R. Snyder, S. J. Lopez (red.), Handbook of positive psychology (s. 646-659). Washington, DC: APA Press.
Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality represents the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 67, 6, 985-1013.
Piedmont, R. L. (2001). Spiritual transcendence and the scientific study of spirituality. Journal of Rehabilitation, 67, 1, 4-14.
Piedmont, R. L. (2005). The role of personality in understanding religious and spiritual constructs. W: R. F. Paloutzian, C. L. Park (red.), The handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (s. 253-273). New York: Guilford Press.
Popielski, K. (1994). Noetyczny wymiar osobowości. Psychologiczna analiza poczucia sensu życia. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL.
Prężyna, W. (1981). Funkcja postawy religijnej w osobowości człowieka. Lublin: TN KUL.
Reich, K. H. (2004). The person-God relationship: A dynamic model. W: K. H. Reich, The role of cognition in religious development. The contribution of Relational and Contextual Reasoning (RCR) to religious development. Doctoral dissertation, Theologische Fakultät, Universität Utrecht, 16.
Reich, K. H., Oser, F. K. Scarlett, W. G. (red.) (1999). Being human: The case of religion, vol. 2. Psychological studies on spiritual and religious development. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst.
Różycka, J., Skrzypińska, K. (2011). Duchowość w psychologii: przegląd definicji i dziedzin badań. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 14, 2, 101-121.
Saucier, G. (2000). Isms and the structure of social attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 366-385.
Saucier, G., Goldberg, L. R. (1998). What is beyond the Big Five? Journal of Personality, 66, 495-524.
Saucier, G., Skrzypińska, K. (2006). Spiritual but not religious? Evidence for two independent dispositions. Journal of Personality, 74, 5, 1257-1292.
Shweder, R. A., Much, N., Park, L., Mahapatra, M. M. (1997). The “Big Three” of Morality (Autonomy, Community, Divinity) and the “Big Three” Explanations of Suffering. W: A. Brandt, P. Rozin (red.), Morality and health. New York: Routledge.
Skrzypińska, K. (2002). Pogląd na świat a poczucie sensu i zadowolenie z życia. Kraków: Impuls.
Skrzypińska, K. (2005). From spirituality to religiousness – is this a one-way direction? W: T. Maliszewski, W. J. Wojtowicz, J. Żerko (red.), Antology of social and behavioral science (s. 491-501). Gdańsk–Linköping: University of Gdańsk–Linköpings Universitet.
Skrzypińska, K. (2008). Dokąd zmierzam? – duchowość jako wymiar osobowości. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 10, 1, 39-57.
Skrzypińska, K., Karasiewicz, K. (w opracowaniu). Kwestionariusz Sfery Duchowej.
Socha, P. (2000). Duchowy rozwój człowieka. Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ.
Socha, P. (2003). Wybrane współczesne psychologiczne teorie duchowości. Nomos. Kwartalnik Religioznawczy, 43-44, 19-39.
Socha, P. (2009). Główne kategorie psychologii religii: próba uporządkowania. Nomos. Kwartalnik Religioznawczy, 65-66, 135-164.
Trzebińska, E. (2008). Psychologia pozytywna. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne.
Watts, F., Williams, M. (1988). The psychology of religious knowing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I. (2005). Religiousness and spirituality. W: R. F. Paloutzian, C. L. Park (red.), The handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (s. 21-42). New York: Guilford Press.
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67, 6.
Zohar, D. (2000). SQ: Spiritual intelligence, the ultimate intelligence. London: Bloomsbury.
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