Efekt placebo: fakt czy artefakt?
Keywords:
placebo effect
Abstract
For over 40 years since the moment when H.K. Beecher published The powerful placebo in 1955, it has been universally accepted that the placebo effect is a fact and it is very powerful. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries the papers expressing doubts concerning the existence and power of the placebo effect were published. They started a debate about the existence and the power of the placebo effect. The aim of this paper is to review and sum up the debate which has been carried on for 10 years among placebo researchers and to find an answer to the question whether the placebo effect exists and if so whether it is powerful enough to be of any clinical significance.
References
Ader, R. (2001). Much ado about nothing. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 293-295.
Amanzio, M., Benedetti, F. (1999). Neuropharmacological dissection of placebo analgesia: Expectation-activated opioids systems versus conditioning-activated specific subsystems. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 484-494.
Bailar, J. C. (2001). The powerful placebo and the Wizard of Oz. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1630-1632.
Beecher, H. K. (1955). The powerful placebo. JAMA, 159, 1602-1106.
Benedetti, F., Amanzio, M., Baldi, S., Casadio, C., Cavallo, A., Mancuso, M., Ruffini, E., Olia- ro, A., Maggi, G. (1998). The specific effects of prior opioid exposure on placebo analgesia and placebo respiratory depression. Pain, 75, 313-319.
Bok, S. (2002). Ethical issues in use of placebo in medical practice and clinical trials. W: H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, L. W. Engel (red.), The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda (s. 53-74). London: BMJ Books.
Bootzin, R. R., Caspi, O. (2002). Explanatory mechanisms for placebo effects: Cognition, personality and social learning. W: H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, L. W. Engel (red.), The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda (s. 108-132). London: BMJ Books.
Brody, H. (1997). The doctor as therapeutic agent: A placebo effect research agenda. W: A. Harrington (red.), The placebo effect: An interdisciplinary exploration (s. 77-92). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Brody, H., Waters, D. B. (1980). Diagnosis is treatment. Journal of Family Practice, 10, 445-449.
Brody, H., Weismantel, D. (2001). A challenge to core beliefs. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 296-298.
Brzeziński, J., Siuta, J. (red.) (1991). Społeczny kontekst badań psychologicznych i pedagogicznych. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Bystritsky, A., Waikar, S. V. (1994). Inert placebo versus active medication. Patient blindability in clinical pharmacological trials. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 485-487.
Davis, C. E. (2002). Regression to the mean or placebo effect? W: H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, L. W. Engel (red.), The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda (s. 158-166). London: BMJ Books.
DiNubile, M. J. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1278.
Einarson, T. E., Hemels, M., Stolk, P. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1277.
Ernst, E., Resch, K. L. (1995). Concept of true and perceived placebo effects. BMJ, 311, 551-553.
Evans, F. J. (1974). The placebo response in pain reduction. W: J. J. Bonica (red.), Advances in neurology, vol. 4: International Symposium on Pain (s. 289-296). New York: Raven Press.
Evans, F. J. (1985). Expectancy, therapeutic instructions, and the placebo response. W: L. White, B. Tursky, G. E. Schwartz (red.), Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms (s. 215-228). New York: The Guilford Press.
Fuente-Fernandez, R. de la, Ruth, T. J., Sossi, V., Schulzer, M., Calne, D. B., Stoessl, A. J. (2001). Expectation and dopamine release: Mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease. Science, 293, 1164-1166.
Furukawa, T. A. (2002). Review: Placebo is better than no treatment for subjective continuous outcomes and for treatment of pain. ACP Journal Club, 136, 20.
Golomb, B. (2002). Letter to the editor. JAMA, 287, 2502-2503.
Gøtzsche, P. C. (1994). Is there logic in the placebo? Lancet, 344, 925-926.
Gray, G., Flynn, P. (1981). A survey of placebo use in a general hospital. General Hospital Psychiatry, 3, 199-203.
Greene, P. J., Wayne, P. M., Kerr, C. E., Weiger, W. A., Jacobson, E., Goldman, P., Kaptchuk, T. J. (2001). The powerful placebo: Doubting the doubters. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 298-307.
Harrington, A. (2002). “Seeing” the placebo effect: Historical legacies and present opportunities. W: H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, L. W. Engel (red.), The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda (s. 35-52). London: BMJ Books.
Hróbjartsson, A. (1996). The uncontrollable placebo effect. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 50, 345-348.
Hróbjartsson, A. (2002). What are the main methodological problems in estimation of placebo effects? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 430-435.
Hróbjartsson, A., Gøtzsche, P. C. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1594-1602.
Hróbjartsson, A., Gøtzsche, P. C. (2004). Is the placebo powerless? Update of a systematic review with 52 new randomized trials comparing placebo with no treatment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 91-100.
Hróbjartsson, A., Norup, M. (2003). The use of placebo interventions in medical practice – a national questionnaire survey of Danish clinicians. Evaluation and Health Professions, 26, 153-165.
Kaptchuk, T. J. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1277.
Kiene, H. (1996a). A critique of the double-blind clinical trial (Part 1). Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2, 74-80.
Kiene, H. (1996b). A critique of the double-blind clinical trial (Part 2). Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2, 59-64.
Kienle, G. S., Kiene, H. (1996). Placebo effect and placebo concept: A critical methodological and conceptual analysis of reports on the magnitude of the placebo effect. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2, 39-54.
Kienle, G. S., Kiene, H. (1997). The powerful placebo effect: Fact or fiction? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50, 1311-1318.
Kirsch, I. (2002). Yes, there is a placebo effect, but is there a powerful antidepressant drug effect? Prevention & Treatment, 5, July 15. Article 22.
Kirsch, I. (2005). Placebo psychotherapy: Synonym or oxymoron? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 791-803.
Kirsch, I., Rosadino, M. J. (1993). Do double-blind studies with informed consent yield externally valid results? An empirical test. Psychopharmacology, 110, 437-442.
Kirsch, I., Sapirstein, G. (1998). Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo: A meta-analysis of antidepressant medication. Prevention & Treatment, 1, June 26. Article 0002a.
Kirsch, I., Scoboria, A. (2001). Apples, oranges, and placebos: Heterogeneity in a meta-analysis of placebo effects. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 307-309.
Kirsch, I., Weixel, L. J. (1988). Double-blind versus deceptive administration of a placebo. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 319-323.
Kupers, R. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1278.
Laska, E., Sunshine, A. (1973). Anticipation of analgesia. A placebo effect. Headache, 13, 1-11.
Leuchter, A. F., Cook, I. A., Witte, E. A., Morgan, M., Abrams, M. (2002). Changes in the brain function of depressed subjects during treatment with placebo. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 122-129.
Liberman, R. (1964). An experimental study of the placebo response under three different situations of pain. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2, 223-246.
Lilford, R. J., Braunholtz, D. A. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1277-1278.
Margraf, J., Ehlers, A., Roth, W. T., Clark, D. B., Sheikh, J., Agras, W. S., Taylor, C. B. (1991). How “blind” are double-blind studies? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 184-187.
McDonald, C. J., Mazzuca, S. A., McCabe, G. P. (1983). How much of the placebo “effect” is really statistical regression? Statistics in Medicine, 2, 417-427.
McQuay, H., Carroll, D., Moore, A. (1996). Variation in the placebo effect in randomised controlled trials of analgesics: All is as blind as it seems. Pain, 64, 331-335.
McRae, C., Cherin, E., Yamazaki, T. G., Diem, G., Vo, A. H., Russell, D., Ellgring, J. H., Fahn, S., Greene, P., Dillon, S., Winfield, H., Bjugstad, K. B., Freed, C. R. (2004). Effects of perceived treatment on quality of life and medical outcomes in a double-blind placebo surgery trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 412-420.
Miller, F. G. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1277.
Moerman, D. E. (2000). Cultural variations in the placebo effect: Ulcers, anxiety, and blood pressure. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 14, 51-72.
Moerman, D. E. (2002). Meaning, medicine and the “placebo effect”. London: Cambridge University Press.
Moerman, D. E. (2003). Doctors and patients: The role of clinicians in the placebo effect. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 19, 14-22.
Moncrieff, J., Wessely, S., Hardy, R. (2004). Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. Article CD003012.
Moscucci, M., Byrne, L., Weintraub, M., Cox, C. (1987). Blinding, unblinding, and the placebo effect: An analysis of patients’ guesses of treatment assignment in a double-blind clinical trial. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 41, 259-265.
Nitzan, U., Lichtenberg, P. (2004). Questionnaire survey on use of placebo. BMJ, 329, 944-946.
Orne, M. T. (1991). Eksperyment psychologiczny z punktu widzenia psychologii społecznej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wpływu zmiennych sugerujących hipotezę badawczą i ich implikacji. W: J. Brzeziński, J. Siuta (red.), Społeczny kontekst badań psychologicznych i pedagogicznych (s. 17-32), tłum. J. Siuta. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Pollo, A., Amanzio, M., Arslanian, A., Casadio, C., Maggi, G., Benedetti, F. (2001). Response expectancies in placebo analgesia and their clinical relevance. Pain, 93, 77-84.
Prioleau, L., Murdock, M., Brody, N. (1983). An analysis of psychotherapy versus placebo studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 275-310.
Roberts, A. H., Kewman, D. G., Mercier, L., Hovell, M. (1993). The power of nonspecific effects in healing: Implications for psychosocial and biological treatments. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 375-391.
Salamone, J. D. (2000). A critique of recent studies on placebo effects of antidepressants: Importance of research on active placebos. Psychopharmacology, 152, 1-6.
Shapiro, A. K. (1960). A contribution to a history of the placebo effect. Behavioral Science, 5, 109-135.
Shrier, I. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1278.
Sox, H. C., Margulies, I., Sox, C. H. (1981). Psychologically mediated effects of diagnostic tests. Annals of Internal Medicine, 95, 680-685.
Spiegel, D., Kraemer, H., Carlson, R. W. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1276.
Stewart-Williams, S. (2004). The placebo puzzle: Putting together the pieces. Health Psychology, 23, 198-206.
Stewart-Williams, S., Podd, J. (2004). The placebo effect: Dissolving the expectancy versus conditioning debate. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 324-340.
Thomson, R. (1982). Side effects and placebo amplification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 64-68.
Tursky, B. (1985). Discussion: The 55% analgesic effect: Real or artifact? W: L. White, B. Tursky, G. E. Schwartz (red.), Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms (s. 229-234). New York: The Guilford Press.
Vase, L., Riley, J. L., Price, D. D. (2002). A comparison of placebo effects in clinical analgesic trials versus studies of placebo analgesia. Pain, 99, 443-452.
Walach, H., Jonas, W. B. (2004). Placebo research: The evidence base for harnessing self-healing capacities. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 10, 103-112.
Walach, H., Maidhof, C. (1999). Is the placebo effect dependent on time? A meta-analysis. W: I. Kirsch (red.), How expectancies shape experience (s. 321-332). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Walach, H., Sadaghiani, C., Dehm, C., Bierman, D. (2005). The therapeutic effect of clinical trials: Understanding placebo response rates in clinical trials – a secondary analysis. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 5. Article 26.
Wall, P. D. (1992). The placebo effect: An unpopular topic. Pain, 51, 1-3.
Wall, P. D. (1993). Pain and the placebo response. W: G. R. Bock, J. Marsh (red.), Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Consciousness. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174 (s. 187-216). Chichester: Wiley.
Walsh, B. T., Seidman, S. N., Sysko, R., Gould, M. (2002). Placebo response in studies of major depression: Variable, substantial, and growing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 1840-1847.
Wampold, B. E., Minami, T., Tierney, S. C., Baskin, T. W., Bhati, K. S. (2005). The placebo is powerful: Estimating placebo effects in medicine and psychotherapy from randomized clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 835-854.
Weihrauch, T. R., Gauler, T. C. (1999). Placebo – efficacy and adverse effects in controlled clinical trials. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research, 49, 385-393.
Wickramasekera, I. (2001). The placebo efficacy study: Problems with the definition of the placebo and mechanisms of placebo efficacy. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 309-312.
Amanzio, M., Benedetti, F. (1999). Neuropharmacological dissection of placebo analgesia: Expectation-activated opioids systems versus conditioning-activated specific subsystems. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 484-494.
Bailar, J. C. (2001). The powerful placebo and the Wizard of Oz. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1630-1632.
Beecher, H. K. (1955). The powerful placebo. JAMA, 159, 1602-1106.
Benedetti, F., Amanzio, M., Baldi, S., Casadio, C., Cavallo, A., Mancuso, M., Ruffini, E., Olia- ro, A., Maggi, G. (1998). The specific effects of prior opioid exposure on placebo analgesia and placebo respiratory depression. Pain, 75, 313-319.
Bok, S. (2002). Ethical issues in use of placebo in medical practice and clinical trials. W: H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, L. W. Engel (red.), The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda (s. 53-74). London: BMJ Books.
Bootzin, R. R., Caspi, O. (2002). Explanatory mechanisms for placebo effects: Cognition, personality and social learning. W: H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, L. W. Engel (red.), The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda (s. 108-132). London: BMJ Books.
Brody, H. (1997). The doctor as therapeutic agent: A placebo effect research agenda. W: A. Harrington (red.), The placebo effect: An interdisciplinary exploration (s. 77-92). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Brody, H., Waters, D. B. (1980). Diagnosis is treatment. Journal of Family Practice, 10, 445-449.
Brody, H., Weismantel, D. (2001). A challenge to core beliefs. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 296-298.
Brzeziński, J., Siuta, J. (red.) (1991). Społeczny kontekst badań psychologicznych i pedagogicznych. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Bystritsky, A., Waikar, S. V. (1994). Inert placebo versus active medication. Patient blindability in clinical pharmacological trials. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 485-487.
Davis, C. E. (2002). Regression to the mean or placebo effect? W: H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, L. W. Engel (red.), The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda (s. 158-166). London: BMJ Books.
DiNubile, M. J. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1278.
Einarson, T. E., Hemels, M., Stolk, P. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1277.
Ernst, E., Resch, K. L. (1995). Concept of true and perceived placebo effects. BMJ, 311, 551-553.
Evans, F. J. (1974). The placebo response in pain reduction. W: J. J. Bonica (red.), Advances in neurology, vol. 4: International Symposium on Pain (s. 289-296). New York: Raven Press.
Evans, F. J. (1985). Expectancy, therapeutic instructions, and the placebo response. W: L. White, B. Tursky, G. E. Schwartz (red.), Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms (s. 215-228). New York: The Guilford Press.
Fuente-Fernandez, R. de la, Ruth, T. J., Sossi, V., Schulzer, M., Calne, D. B., Stoessl, A. J. (2001). Expectation and dopamine release: Mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease. Science, 293, 1164-1166.
Furukawa, T. A. (2002). Review: Placebo is better than no treatment for subjective continuous outcomes and for treatment of pain. ACP Journal Club, 136, 20.
Golomb, B. (2002). Letter to the editor. JAMA, 287, 2502-2503.
Gøtzsche, P. C. (1994). Is there logic in the placebo? Lancet, 344, 925-926.
Gray, G., Flynn, P. (1981). A survey of placebo use in a general hospital. General Hospital Psychiatry, 3, 199-203.
Greene, P. J., Wayne, P. M., Kerr, C. E., Weiger, W. A., Jacobson, E., Goldman, P., Kaptchuk, T. J. (2001). The powerful placebo: Doubting the doubters. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 298-307.
Harrington, A. (2002). “Seeing” the placebo effect: Historical legacies and present opportunities. W: H. A. Guess, A. Kleinman, J. W. Kusek, L. W. Engel (red.), The science of the placebo: Toward an interdisciplinary research agenda (s. 35-52). London: BMJ Books.
Hróbjartsson, A. (1996). The uncontrollable placebo effect. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 50, 345-348.
Hróbjartsson, A. (2002). What are the main methodological problems in estimation of placebo effects? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 430-435.
Hróbjartsson, A., Gøtzsche, P. C. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? An analysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1594-1602.
Hróbjartsson, A., Gøtzsche, P. C. (2004). Is the placebo powerless? Update of a systematic review with 52 new randomized trials comparing placebo with no treatment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 91-100.
Hróbjartsson, A., Norup, M. (2003). The use of placebo interventions in medical practice – a national questionnaire survey of Danish clinicians. Evaluation and Health Professions, 26, 153-165.
Kaptchuk, T. J. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1277.
Kiene, H. (1996a). A critique of the double-blind clinical trial (Part 1). Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2, 74-80.
Kiene, H. (1996b). A critique of the double-blind clinical trial (Part 2). Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2, 59-64.
Kienle, G. S., Kiene, H. (1996). Placebo effect and placebo concept: A critical methodological and conceptual analysis of reports on the magnitude of the placebo effect. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2, 39-54.
Kienle, G. S., Kiene, H. (1997). The powerful placebo effect: Fact or fiction? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50, 1311-1318.
Kirsch, I. (2002). Yes, there is a placebo effect, but is there a powerful antidepressant drug effect? Prevention & Treatment, 5, July 15. Article 22.
Kirsch, I. (2005). Placebo psychotherapy: Synonym or oxymoron? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 791-803.
Kirsch, I., Rosadino, M. J. (1993). Do double-blind studies with informed consent yield externally valid results? An empirical test. Psychopharmacology, 110, 437-442.
Kirsch, I., Sapirstein, G. (1998). Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo: A meta-analysis of antidepressant medication. Prevention & Treatment, 1, June 26. Article 0002a.
Kirsch, I., Scoboria, A. (2001). Apples, oranges, and placebos: Heterogeneity in a meta-analysis of placebo effects. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 307-309.
Kirsch, I., Weixel, L. J. (1988). Double-blind versus deceptive administration of a placebo. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 319-323.
Kupers, R. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1278.
Laska, E., Sunshine, A. (1973). Anticipation of analgesia. A placebo effect. Headache, 13, 1-11.
Leuchter, A. F., Cook, I. A., Witte, E. A., Morgan, M., Abrams, M. (2002). Changes in the brain function of depressed subjects during treatment with placebo. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 122-129.
Liberman, R. (1964). An experimental study of the placebo response under three different situations of pain. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2, 223-246.
Lilford, R. J., Braunholtz, D. A. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1277-1278.
Margraf, J., Ehlers, A., Roth, W. T., Clark, D. B., Sheikh, J., Agras, W. S., Taylor, C. B. (1991). How “blind” are double-blind studies? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 184-187.
McDonald, C. J., Mazzuca, S. A., McCabe, G. P. (1983). How much of the placebo “effect” is really statistical regression? Statistics in Medicine, 2, 417-427.
McQuay, H., Carroll, D., Moore, A. (1996). Variation in the placebo effect in randomised controlled trials of analgesics: All is as blind as it seems. Pain, 64, 331-335.
McRae, C., Cherin, E., Yamazaki, T. G., Diem, G., Vo, A. H., Russell, D., Ellgring, J. H., Fahn, S., Greene, P., Dillon, S., Winfield, H., Bjugstad, K. B., Freed, C. R. (2004). Effects of perceived treatment on quality of life and medical outcomes in a double-blind placebo surgery trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 412-420.
Miller, F. G. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1277.
Moerman, D. E. (2000). Cultural variations in the placebo effect: Ulcers, anxiety, and blood pressure. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 14, 51-72.
Moerman, D. E. (2002). Meaning, medicine and the “placebo effect”. London: Cambridge University Press.
Moerman, D. E. (2003). Doctors and patients: The role of clinicians in the placebo effect. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 19, 14-22.
Moncrieff, J., Wessely, S., Hardy, R. (2004). Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. Article CD003012.
Moscucci, M., Byrne, L., Weintraub, M., Cox, C. (1987). Blinding, unblinding, and the placebo effect: An analysis of patients’ guesses of treatment assignment in a double-blind clinical trial. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 41, 259-265.
Nitzan, U., Lichtenberg, P. (2004). Questionnaire survey on use of placebo. BMJ, 329, 944-946.
Orne, M. T. (1991). Eksperyment psychologiczny z punktu widzenia psychologii społecznej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wpływu zmiennych sugerujących hipotezę badawczą i ich implikacji. W: J. Brzeziński, J. Siuta (red.), Społeczny kontekst badań psychologicznych i pedagogicznych (s. 17-32), tłum. J. Siuta. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Pollo, A., Amanzio, M., Arslanian, A., Casadio, C., Maggi, G., Benedetti, F. (2001). Response expectancies in placebo analgesia and their clinical relevance. Pain, 93, 77-84.
Prioleau, L., Murdock, M., Brody, N. (1983). An analysis of psychotherapy versus placebo studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 275-310.
Roberts, A. H., Kewman, D. G., Mercier, L., Hovell, M. (1993). The power of nonspecific effects in healing: Implications for psychosocial and biological treatments. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 375-391.
Salamone, J. D. (2000). A critique of recent studies on placebo effects of antidepressants: Importance of research on active placebos. Psychopharmacology, 152, 1-6.
Shapiro, A. K. (1960). A contribution to a history of the placebo effect. Behavioral Science, 5, 109-135.
Shrier, I. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1278.
Sox, H. C., Margulies, I., Sox, C. H. (1981). Psychologically mediated effects of diagnostic tests. Annals of Internal Medicine, 95, 680-685.
Spiegel, D., Kraemer, H., Carlson, R. W. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1276.
Stewart-Williams, S. (2004). The placebo puzzle: Putting together the pieces. Health Psychology, 23, 198-206.
Stewart-Williams, S., Podd, J. (2004). The placebo effect: Dissolving the expectancy versus conditioning debate. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 324-340.
Thomson, R. (1982). Side effects and placebo amplification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 64-68.
Tursky, B. (1985). Discussion: The 55% analgesic effect: Real or artifact? W: L. White, B. Tursky, G. E. Schwartz (red.), Placebo: Theory, research and mechanisms (s. 229-234). New York: The Guilford Press.
Vase, L., Riley, J. L., Price, D. D. (2002). A comparison of placebo effects in clinical analgesic trials versus studies of placebo analgesia. Pain, 99, 443-452.
Walach, H., Jonas, W. B. (2004). Placebo research: The evidence base for harnessing self-healing capacities. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 10, 103-112.
Walach, H., Maidhof, C. (1999). Is the placebo effect dependent on time? A meta-analysis. W: I. Kirsch (red.), How expectancies shape experience (s. 321-332). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Walach, H., Sadaghiani, C., Dehm, C., Bierman, D. (2005). The therapeutic effect of clinical trials: Understanding placebo response rates in clinical trials – a secondary analysis. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 5. Article 26.
Wall, P. D. (1992). The placebo effect: An unpopular topic. Pain, 51, 1-3.
Wall, P. D. (1993). Pain and the placebo response. W: G. R. Bock, J. Marsh (red.), Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Consciousness. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174 (s. 187-216). Chichester: Wiley.
Walsh, B. T., Seidman, S. N., Sysko, R., Gould, M. (2002). Placebo response in studies of major depression: Variable, substantial, and growing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 1840-1847.
Wampold, B. E., Minami, T., Tierney, S. C., Baskin, T. W., Bhati, K. S. (2005). The placebo is powerful: Estimating placebo effects in medicine and psychotherapy from randomized clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 835-854.
Weihrauch, T. R., Gauler, T. C. (1999). Placebo – efficacy and adverse effects in controlled clinical trials. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research, 49, 385-393.
Wickramasekera, I. (2001). The placebo efficacy study: Problems with the definition of the placebo and mechanisms of placebo efficacy. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 17, 309-312.
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