E. Tory Higgins’ regulatory focus theory
Keywords:
self-regulation; regulatory focus; Higgins
Abstract
The regulatory focus theory proposed by E. Tory Higgins differentiates between two distinct strategies for self regulation: (1) promotion and (2) prevention regulatory focus. The former is concerned with ideals, advancement, aspirations, accomplishments, and growth, while the latter – with oughts, obligations, responsibility, protection, and safety. The paper presents the main theses of the theory and results of selected studies concerning the role of regulatory focus in cognitive processes and decision making, different aspects of goal achievement, and also in experiencing emotions, assessment making and value judgments. The last part of the paper discusses strong and weak points of the theory as well as its associations with other cognitive models of self-regulation. It is also proposed to put the regulatory foci in a broader context of personality and temperament variables.
References
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Avnet, T., Higgins, E. T. (2006). How regulatory fit affects value in consumer choices and opinions. Journal of Marketing Research, 43, 1-10.
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Brendl, C. M., Higgins, E. T., Lemm, K. M. (1995). Sensitivity to varying gains and losses: The role of self-discrepancies and event framing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1028-1051.
Bruch, M. A., Rivet, K. M., Laurenti, H. J. (2000). Type of self-discrepancy and relationships to components of the tripartite model of emotional distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 37-44.
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Camacho, C. J., Higgins, E. T., Luger, L. (2003). Moral value transfer from regulatory fit: What feels right is right and what feels wrong is wrong. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 498-510.
Carver, C. S. (2001). Affect and the functional bases of behavior: On the dimensional structure of affective experience. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 345-356.
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Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Förster, J., Grant, H., Idson, L. C., Higgins, E. T. (2001). Success/failure feedback, expectancies, and approach/avoidance motivation: How regulatory focus moderates classic relations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 253-260.
Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., Bianco, A. T. (2003). Speed/accuracy decisions in task performance: Built-in trade-off or separate strategic concerns? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90, 148-164.
Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., Idson, L. C. (1998). Approach and avoidance strength during goal attainment: Regulatory focus and the “goal looms larger” effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1115-1131.
Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., Strack, F. (2000). When stereotype disconfirmation is a personal threat: How prejudice and prevention focus moderate incongruency effects. Social Cognition, 18, 178-197.
Freitas, A. L., Higgins, E. T. (2002). Enjoying goal-directed action: The role of regulatory fit. Psychological Science, 13, 1-6.
Freitas, A. L., Liberman, N., Salovey, P., Higgins, E. T. (2002). When to begin? Regulatory focus and initiating goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 121-130.
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Gramzow, R. H., Sedikides, C., Panter, A. T., Insko, C. A. (2000). Aspects of self-regulation and self-structure as predictors of perceived emotional distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 188-205.
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Bąk, W. (2003). Struktura systemu Ja a nasilenie lęku egzystencjalnego. W: P. Francuz, M. Grygielski, W. Otrębski (red.), Studia z psychologii w KUL (t. 11, s. 137-156). Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Bąk, W. (2005). Emocjonalne korelaty rozbieżności JA – badania inspirowane teorią E. T. Higginsa. Psychologia. Edukacja i Społeczeństwo, 2, 27-39.
Brendl, C. M., Higgins, E. T., Lemm, K. M. (1995). Sensitivity to varying gains and losses: The role of self-discrepancies and event framing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1028-1051.
Bruch, M. A., Rivet, K. M., Laurenti, H. J. (2000). Type of self-discrepancy and relationships to components of the tripartite model of emotional distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 37-44.
Buss, K. A., Schumacher, J. R. M., Dolski, I., Kalin, N. H., Goldsmith, H. H., Davidson, R. J. (2003). Right frontal brain activity, cortisol, and withdrawal behavior in 6-month-old infants. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 11-20.
Camacho, C. J., Higgins, E. T., Luger, L. (2003). Moral value transfer from regulatory fit: What feels right is right and what feels wrong is wrong. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 498-510.
Carver, C. S. (2001). Affect and the functional bases of behavior: On the dimensional structure of affective experience. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 345-356.
Carver, C. S. (2004a). Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion, 4, 3-22.
Carver, C. S. (2004b). Self-regulation of action and affect. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 13-39). New York–London: The Guilford Press.
Carver, C. S., Lawrence, J. W., Scheier, M. F. (1999). Self-discrepancies and affect: Incorporating the role of feared selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 783-792.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Carver, C. S., Sutton, S. K., Scheier, M. F. (2000). Action, emotion, and personality: Emerging conceptual integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 741-751.
Cesario, J., Grant, H., Higgins, E. T. (2004). Regulatory fit and persuasion: Transfer from “feeling right”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 388-404.
Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D., Gray, J. A. (1997). Personality, punishment, and procedural learning: A test of J. A. Gray’s anxiety theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 337-344.
Crowe, E., Higgins, E. T. (1997). Regulatory focus and strategic inclinations: Promotion and prevention in decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69, 117-132.
Doliński, D., Drogosz, M. (2007). Czy obywatele poszliby głosować przeciw? Regulacyjne nastawienie na promocję vs. prewencję a aktywność wyborcza. Kolokwia Psychologiczne, 16, 103-116.
Doliński, D., Łukaszewski, W. (2000). Typy motywacji. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 469-491). Gdańsk: GWP.
Duval, T. S., Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self-awareness. New York: Academic Press.
Evans, L. M., Petty, R. E. (2003). Self-guide framing and persuasion: Responsibly increasing message processing to ideal levels. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 313-324.
Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimentions of personality. W: L. A. Pervin (red.), Handbook of personality. Theory and research (s. 244-276). New York: Guilford Press.
Falkowski, A. (2000). Spostrzeganie jako mechanizm tworzenia doświadczenia za pomocą zmysłów. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 25-55). Gdańsk: GWP.
Förster, J., Grant, H., Idson, L. C., Higgins, E. T. (2001). Success/failure feedback, expectancies, and approach/avoidance motivation: How regulatory focus moderates classic relations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 253-260.
Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., Bianco, A. T. (2003). Speed/accuracy decisions in task performance: Built-in trade-off or separate strategic concerns? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90, 148-164.
Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., Idson, L. C. (1998). Approach and avoidance strength during goal attainment: Regulatory focus and the “goal looms larger” effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1115-1131.
Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., Strack, F. (2000). When stereotype disconfirmation is a personal threat: How prejudice and prevention focus moderate incongruency effects. Social Cognition, 18, 178-197.
Freitas, A. L., Higgins, E. T. (2002). Enjoying goal-directed action: The role of regulatory fit. Psychological Science, 13, 1-6.
Freitas, A. L., Liberman, N., Salovey, P., Higgins, E. T. (2002). When to begin? Regulatory focus and initiating goal pursuit. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 121-130.
Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., Brewer, L. E., Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 325-336.
Gramzow, R. H., Sedikides, C., Panter, A. T., Insko, C. A. (2000). Aspects of self-regulation and self-structure as predictors of perceived emotional distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 188-205.
Gray, J. A. (1999a). Trzy podstawowe systemy emocjonalne. W: P. Ekman, R. J. Davidson (red.), Natura emocji. Podstawowe zagadnienia (s. 210-215). Gdańsk: GWP.
Gray, J. A. (1999b). Wymiary osobowości a systemy emocjonalne. W: P. Ekman, R. J. Davidson (red.), Natura emocji. Podstawowe zagadnienia (s. 276-279). Gdańsk: GWP.
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
Higgins, E. T. (1989). Continuities and discontinuities in self-regulatory and self-evaluative processes: A developmental theory relating self and affect. Journal of Personality, 57, 407-444.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
Higgins, E. T. (1999). When do self-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? The second- -generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1313-1317.
Higgins, E. T. (2000). Making a good decision: Value from fit. American Psychologist, 55, 1217-1230.
Higgins, E. T. (2002). How self-regulation creates distinct values: The case of promotion and prevention decision making. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12, 177-191.
Higgins, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement. Psychological Review, 113, 439-460.
Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 3-23.
Higgins, E. T., Idson, L. C., Freitas, A. L., Spiegel, S., Molden, D. C. (2003). Transfer of value from fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1140-1153.
Higgins, E. T., Roney, C. J. R., Crowe, E., Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance: Distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 276-286.
Higgins, E. T., Shah, J., Friedman, R. (1997). Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 515-525.
Higgins, E. T., Spiegel, S. (2004). Promotion and prevention strategies for self-regulation. A motivated cognition perspective. W: R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs (red.), Handbook of self- -regulation. Research, theory, and applications (s. 171-187). New York–London: The Guilford Press.
Higgins, E. T., Tykocinski, O. (1992). Self-discrepancies and biographical memory: Personality and cognition at the level of psychological situation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 527-535.
Idson, L. C., Liberman, N., Higgins, E. T. (2000). Distinguishing gains from nonlosses and losses from nongains: A regulatory focus perspective on hedonic intensity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 252-274.
Kim, Y.-J. (2006). The role of regulatory focus in message framing in antismoking advertisements for adolescents. Journal of Advertising, 35, 143-151.
Lee, A. Y., Aaker, J. L., Gardner, W. L. (2000). The pleasures and pains of distinct self-construals: The role of interdependence in regulatory focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1122-1134.
Levine, J. M., Higgins, E. T., Choi, H.-S. (2000). Development of strategic norms in groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82, 88-101.
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