Rituals: Philosophical Perspectives and Normative Aspects

Keywords: rite, ritual, religion, myth, codified practices, cultural patterns, cultural values, cultural standards, philosophical perspectives, normative aspects

Abstract

We use the word “rite” or “ritual” especially in relation to religion and myth to indicate those aspects of it that make religious experience possible in the mystical dimension. Rituals are presented as sets of acts or normatively codified practices that form cultural patterns of a given society and are a representation of the cultural values ​​and standards. They are fundamental for the institutionalization of roles, the formation of social identity and social cohesion. We’ll sketch several philosophical perspectives to show conceptual differences and theoretical views concerning the notion of ritual and its normative aspects.

References

Andresen, Jensine (ed.), 2001 Religion in Mind: Cognitive Perspectives on Religious Belief, Ritual, and Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bernstein, Richard J. 1983. Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Bordo, Susan. 1993. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Castelfranchi, Cristiano, and Giovanni Pezzulo. 2009. “Thinking as the Control of Imagination: a Conceptual Framework for Goal-directed Systems.” Psychological Research 73, no. 4: 559–577.

Cioffi, Frank. 1998. Wittgenstein on Freud and Frazer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clack, Brian R. 1999. Wittgenstein, Frazer and Religion. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Clark, Andy. 1997. Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Crossley, Nick. 1994. The Politics of Subjectivity: Between Foucault and Merleau-Ponty. Avebury Series in Philosophy. Aldershot: Avebury.

Csordas, Thomas J. 1994. “Introduction: The Body as Representation and Being-in-the-world.” In Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self, edited by Thomas J. Csordas. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Dewey, John. 1991. Logic: The Theory of Inquiry, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Dreyfus, Hubert L., and Stuart E. Dreyfus. 1999. “The Challenge of Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Embodiment for Cognitive Science.” In Perspectives on Embodiment: The Intersections of Nature and Culture, edited by Gail Weiss and Hony Fern Haber. New York: Routledge.

Foucault, Michel. 1980. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1: An Introduction. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books.

Frankiel, Tamar. 2001. “Prospects in Ritual Studies.” Religion 31, issue 1: 75–87.

Ganeri, Jonardon. 2004. “The Ritual Roots of Moral Reason.” In Thinking through Rituals: Philosophical Perspectives, edited by Kevin Schilbrak, 207–223. London: Routledge.

Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Culture. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Giovagnoli, Raffaela. 2017. “Lifeworld, We-Intentionality and Rituals.” In Mind, Collective Agency, Norms. Essays on Social Ontology, edited by Piero Salis P. and Guido Seddone, 22–32. Aachen: Shaker Verlag.

Giovagnoli, Raffaela, and Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic (eds.). 2018. Habits and Rituals. Special Issue of Open Information Science — De Gruyter, vol. 2, issue 1.

Giovagnoli, Raffaela. 2020. “From Habits to Rituals: Rituals as Social habits.” In The Logic of Social Practices, edited by Raffaela Giovagnoli and Robert Lowe. SAPERE: Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics 52. Cham: Springer.

Graybiel, Ann. 2008. “Habits, Rituals and the Evaluative Brain.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 31: 359–387.

Habermas, Jürgen. 2012. Nachmetaphysiches Deneen II. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.

Hollywood, Amy. 2004. “Rites of Passing: Foucault, Power and Same-sex Commitment Cerimonies.” In Thinking through Rituals: Philosophical Perspectives, edited by Kevin Schilbrak, 52–70. London: Routledge.

Jaggar, Alison M., and Susan R. Bordo (eds.). 1989. Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Kasulis, Thomas P. 1987. “Editor’s Introduction.” In Yasuo Yuasa. The Body: Toward an Eastern Mind- Body Theory, edited by Thomas P. Kasulis and Shigenori Nagatomo. SUNY Series in Buddhist Studies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Kasulis, Thomas P., Roger T. Ames, and Wimal Dissanayake (eds). 1993. Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice. The Body in Culture, History, and Religion. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Kawalec, Anna. “Agency of Breath—Beyond Disciplinary Views on Ritual.” In The Logic of Social Practices, edited by Raffaela Giovagnoli and Robert Lowe, 169–185. SAPERE: Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics 52. Cham: Springer, 2020.

Kepnes, Steven. 2004. “Ritual and Christian Philosophy.” In In Thinking through Rituals: Philosophical Perspectives, edited by Kevin Schilbrak, 224–237. London: Routledge.

Lerner, Berel Dov. 2002. Rules, Magic, and Instrumental Reason: Peter Winch’s Philosophy of the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.

Lincoln, Bruce. 1989. Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lincoln, Bruce. 2000. “On Ritual, Change, and Marked Categories.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 68, no. 3: 487-510.

Lincoln, Bruce. 2003. Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Magnani, Lorenzo. 2018. “Ritual artifacts as Symbolic Habits.” In Habits and Rituals, edited by Raffaela Giovagnoli and Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic. Special Issue of Open Information Science — De Gruyter, vol. 2, issue 1: 147.

Magnani, Lorenzo. 2009. Abductive Cognition: The Epistemological and Eco-cognitive Dimensions of Hypothetical Reasoning, chapter 1. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer .

Nagatomo, Shigenori. 1992. “An Eastern Concept of the Body: Yuasa’s Body Scheme.” In Giving the Body Its Due, edited by Maxime Sheets-Johnstone. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Raposa, Michael L. 1999. Boredom and the Religious Imagination. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

Ray, Benjamin Caleb. 2000. “Discourse about Difference: Understanding African Ritual Language.” In A Magic Still Dwells: Comparative Religion in the Postmodern Age, edited by K.C. Patton and Benjamin Caleb Ray. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Schilbrak, Kevin (ed.). 2004. Thinking through Rituals: Philosophical Perspectives. London: Routledge.

Searle, John. 2010. Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Staal, Frits. 1982. The Science of Ritual, Poona, India: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.

Stoller, 1997. Paul. Sensuous Scholarship. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Sullivan, Lawrence E. 1990. “Body Works: Knowledge of the Body in the Study of Religion.” History of Religions 30: 86–99.

Sullivan, Lawrence E. 1979. “A Performative Approach to Ritual.” Proceedings of the British Academy 65: 113–69.

Taliaferro, Charles. 2004. “Religious Rituals, Spiritually Disciplined Practices and Health.” In Thinking through Rituals: Philosophical Perspectives, edited by Kevin Schilbrak, 238–250. London: Routledge.

Todes, Samuel. 2001. Body and World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Tomasello, Michael. 2009. Why We Cooperate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Tyson, R.W., Jr. 1988. “Culture’s ‘Hum and Buzz’ of Implication: The Practice of Ethnography and the Provocations of Clifford Geertz’s Thick Descriptions.” Soundings 71: 95–111.

van Gelder, T. 1995. “What Might Cognition Be, If Not Computation?” Journal of Philosophy 92: 345-381.

Varela, Francisco J., Evan Thompson, and Eleonor Rosch. 1991. The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press.

Winch, Peter. 1958. The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Winch, Peter. 1970. “Understanding a Primitive Society.” In Rationality, edited by Bryan Wilson. Oxford: Blackwell.

Published
2021-03-30
Section
Articles