Altruizm a religijność człowieka. Badania empiryczne
Abstrakt
The article is a report on empirical studies concerning the connection between altruism and religiousness. Altruism is understood here as undertaking actions for the benefit of other people without expecting outer rewards ⟨Macaulay, Berkowitz, 1970 p. 3). In the presented studies Karyłowski’s ⟨1982a⟩ division into two types of altruism was employed, namely, into endocentric altruism exocentric one.
In the studies the following methods were used: the A-N Questionnaire ⟨cf. Śliwak 1988), the Moral Endo-Exocentrism − KEEM ⟨cf. Karyłowski 1982a⟩, the Religious Attitudes Scale ⟨cf. Prężyna 1968⟩ and the Relation to God Scale ⟨cf. Hutsebaut 1980⟩.
The two former methods were used to measure the intensity of altruism (A-N) and to define the type of altruism (KEEM), whereas the two latter ones served to measure the level of intensity of the religious attitude and different dimensions of religiousness.
With the help of these methods answers were sought to the following questions: 1. What level intensity of the religious attitude is connected with the defined types of altruism? 2. What dimensions of religiousness are characteristic of these types of altruism?
226 subjects were examined (53.1% women and 46.9% men) whose age ranged from 23 to 33, the average being M=26.7. The subjects had at least secondary education.
The results of the analyses that were carried out are the following:
1. It was found that endo- and exocentric altruists are characterized by identical scores in religiousness. The religiousness profiles of these groups are exactly parallel to each other (with a minimal distance between them).
2. In relation to the group with a lower level of altruism endo- and exocentrics are more religious (both in the quantitative aspect − intensity of the religious attitude, and in the qualitative one- the type of the religious relation).
3. Additional information is supplied by the results from the sub-groups of women and men. Endocentric women obtained the highest scores in the scales ”dependence” and ”ethical norm” with a statistically significant difference from the remaining subjects. Exocentric men obtained the lowest scores in the scales ”rebeliousness” nad ”autonomy” (the differences are statistically significant in relation to the remaining groups).
Bibliografia
Allport G. W.: The Individual and His Religion. New York: Macmillan Publishing 1960.
Allport G. W.: Religious Context of Prejudice. ”Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion” 5:1966 s. 447-457.
Allport G. W.: Osobowość i religia. Warszawa: Pax 1988.
Allport G. W., Ross J. M.: Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice. ”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 5:1967 s. 432-443.
Bandura A.: Vicarious and Self- Reinforcement Processes. W: R. Glaser (Ed.). The Nature of Reinforcement. New York: Academic Press 1971.
Bandura A.: Social Lerning Theory. New York: Prentice-Hall 1977.
Bar-Tal D.: Prosocial Behavior. New York: Wiley 1976.
Batson C. D.: Religion as Prosocial: Agent or Double Agent? ”Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion” 15:1976 No 1 s. 29-45.
Batson C. D.: Good Samaritans − or Priests and Levites? Using William James as a Guide in the Study of Religious Prosocial Motyvation. ”Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin” 16:1990 No4 s. 758-768.
Batson C. D., Flink Ch. H., Schoenrade P. A., Fultz J., PychV.: Religious Orientation and Overt Versus Covert Racial Prejudice. ”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 50:1986 No 1 s. 175-181.
Batson D. C., Gray R. A.: Religious Orientation and Helping Behavior: Responding to One’s Own or to the Victims Needs. ”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 40:1981 No 3 s. 511-520.
Batson C. D., Olson K. C., Weeks J. L., Healy S.P., ReevesP. J., Jannings P., Brown T.: Religious Prosocial Motivation: Is it Altruistic or Egoistic? ”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 57:1989 s. 873-884.
Burek A.: O dwóch typach altruizmu − recenzja. ”Polish Psychological Buletin” 14:1983 No 1 s. 67-70.
Cline V. B., Richards J. M.: A Factor Analitic Study of Religious Belief and Behavior. ”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 1:1965 s. 569-578.
Darley J. M., Batson C. D.: From Jerusalem to Jericho: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior. ”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 1:1973 s. 100-108.
Dovidio J. F.: Helping Behavior and Altruism: An Empirical and Conceptual Overviev. W: L. Berkowitz (Ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 17. New York: Academic Press 1984 s. 361-472.
Friedrichs R. W.: Alter Versus Ego: An Exploratory Assessment of Altruism. ”American Sociological Review” 25:1960 s. 496-508.
Hutsebaut D.: Belief as Lived Relations. ”Psychologica Belgica” 20:1980 s. 33-47.
Jagiełło A.: Rodzina a rozwój postaw religijnych. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Wrocławskiej Księgarni Archidiecezjalnej 1987.
Jaworski R.: Psychologiczne korelaty religijności personalnej. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL 1989.
Karyłowski J.: . Explaining Altruistic Behavior: A Review. ”Polish Psychological Bulletin” 8:1977 No 1 s. 27-34.
Karyłowski J.: O dwóch typach altruizmu. Wrocław: Ossolineum 1982a.
Karyłowski J.: Socjalizacyjne determinaty endo/egzocentryzmu moralnego. „Studia Psychologiczne”, 20:1982b nr 2 s. 73-88.
Karyłowski J.: Two Types of Altruistic Behavior: Doing Good to Feel Good or to Make the Other Feel Good. W: J. Grzelak, V. J. Derlega (Eds). Cooperation and Helping Behavior. New York: Academic Press 1982c s. 398-413.
Karyłowski J.: Focus of Attention and Altruism: Endocentric and Exocentric Sources of Altruistic Behavior. W: E. Staub, D. Bar-Tal, J. Karyłowski, J. Reykowski (Eds). Development and Maintenance of Prosocial Behawior. New York: Plenum Press 1984 s. 139-153.
Kochańska G.: Regulatory Theory of Personality and the Development of Prosocial Behaviors. W: E. Staub, D. Bar-Tal, J. Karyłowski, J. Reykowski (Eds). Developmental and Maintenance of Prosocial Behavior. New York: Plenum Press 1984 s. 155-176.
Krawczyk M.: Nastawienia egocentryczne i nieegocentryczne a choroba psychosomatyczna. „Zeszyty Naukowe IPUW” 1:1972 s. 81-142.
Lanczkowski G.: Wprowadzenie do religioznawstwa. Warszawa: Verbinum 1986.
Lans J. M., Derks F., Mertens F.: Personality Correlaties of Religious Attitudes: The Case of Campus Crusade and Unification Church. Article was presented to the Second European Symposion on the Psychology of Religion. Nijmegen 1982 (mps).
Langford B. J., Langford Ch. C.: Church Attendance and Self-perceived Altruism. ”Journal for the Scientifice Study of Religion” 13:1974 s. 221-222.
Macaulay J. R., Berkowitz L.: Overview. W: J. R. Macaulay, L. Berkowitz (Eds). Altruism and Helping Behawior. New York: Academic Press 1970 s. 1-13.
Makselon J.: Człowiek jako istota religijna. W: J. Makselon(red.). Psychologia dla teologów. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PAT 1990 s. 255-281.
Mądrzycki T.: Deformacje w spostrzeganiu ludzi. Warszawa: PWN 1986.
Mc Dougall W.: An Introduction to Social Psychology. London: University Paperbacks 1960.
Mussen P., Eisenberg-Berg N.: Roots of Caring, Sharing, and Helping. San Francisko: W. H. Freeman and Company 1977.
Piliavin J. A., Dovidio J. F., Gaertner S. L., Clark R. D.: Responsive bystanders: The Process of Intervention. W: J. Grzelak, V. J. Derlega (Eds). Cooperation and Helping Behavior. New York: Academic Press 1982 s. 279-304.
Prężyna W.: Koncepcja postawy w psychologii. „Roczniki Filozoficzne” 4:1967 s. 25-38.
Prężyna W.: Skala postaw religijnych. „Roczniki Filozoficzne” 4:1968 s. 75-90.
Prężyna W.: Motywacyjne korelaty centralności przedmiotu postawy religijnej. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL 1977.
Prężyna W.: Funkcja postawy religijnej w osobowości człowieka. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL 1981.
Reykowski J.: Motywacja, postawy prospołeczne a osobowość. Warszawa: PWN 1979.
Reykowski J., Kochańska G.: Szkice z teorii osobowości. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna 1980.
Rokeach M.: Faith, Hope, Bigotry. ”Psychology Today” 3:1970 s. 33-37.
Rosenhan D. L.: Learning Theory and Prosocial Behavior. ”The Journal of Social Issues” 28:1972 No 3 s. 151-163.
Rushton J. Ph.: The Altruistic Personality. W: J. Ph. Rushton, R. M. Sorrentino (Eds). Altruism and Helping Behavior. New York: Lawrance Erlbaum 1981.
Sinha D.: Community as Target: A New Perspective to Research on Prosocial Behavior. W: E. Staub, D. Bar-Tal, J. Karyłowski, J. Reykowski (Eds). Development and Maintenance of Prosocial Behavior. New York: Plenum Press 1984 s. 445-455.
Sorrentino R. M.: Derogation of an Innocently Suffering Victim: so who’s the ”Good Guy”? W: J. Ph. Rushton, R. M. Sorrentino (Eds). Altruism and Helping Behavior. New York: Lawrance Erlbaum 1981 s. 267-283.
Staub E.: Positive Social Behavior and Morality. Social and Personal Influences. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press 1978.
Śliwak J.: Psychologiczne korelaty altruizmu endocentrycznego i egzocentrycznego. Lublin 1988 (mps pracy doktorskiej).
Śliwak J.: Altruizm a religijność − przegląd badań. W: Wykłady z psychologii w KUL. Lublin: Redakcja Wydawnictw KUL 1989 s. 187-197.
Śliwak J., Król A.: Poziom altruizmu a poczucie sensu życia. „Roczniki Filozoficzne” 37-38:1989-1990 z. 4 s. 189-211.
Wispe L. G.: Positive Forms of Social Behavior: On Overview. ”The Journal of Social Issues” 28:1972 No 3 s. 1-19.
Zdybicka Z.: Człowiek i religia. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL 1977.
Copyright (c) 1993 Roczniki Filozoficzne
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
