Emigracja wojenna oczyma psychologa
Article Sidebar
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Main Article Content
Abstrakt
In the psychological and psychiatric professional literature more and more proofs are being accumulated that psychological stress alone, once it exceeds certain limits of intensity and duration, can lead to severe impairment of fundamental psychological processes and cause often irreversible, and even progressive mental changes.
In numerous studies of victims of the Second World War these changes, as well as accompanying psychosomatic disorders, were given the name of Concentration Camp Syndromes. The present study discusses the symptoms, the progression, the reasons for differences in intensity of manifestation, as well as the prognoses for the victims of psychological disturbances of this kind.
Although almost all persons who survived prisons, concentration camps, forced labor camps, and prisoner of war camps seem to be, to a greater or lesser degree, touched by the symptoms of this syndrome even thirty years or more after the war, it seems that those who became repatriated to their own countries function comparatively less successfully than those who emigrated, particularly when occupational and financial achievements are compared.
It is possible that the fact of emigration in itself forces the individual to increased efforts to provide for himself and his family, since he knows that he cannot count on anyone else. Nevertheless, despite outward appearances of material success, the survivors who emigrated often experience serious psychological disorders, which in some cases are serious enough to be transmitted to their children.
With this accumulated evidence of long term effects of war trauma, questions arise about the psychological and physical health of Polish wartime emigrants, who were almost entirely drawn from survivors of terror and oppression.
Because we know very little about this group, studies seem to be indicated to identify problems and eventually give assistance to those who may need it, particularly in the second generation.
A work of this nature could also increase the understanding of scientists interested in Polish wartime emigrants, as well as help those researchers, on the international arena, who try to chart long term effects of wartime stresses.
Article Details
Bibliografia
BarocasH. A., Barocas C. B.: Manifestations of Concentration Camp Effects on the Second Generation. „Am. J. of Psychiatry” 1/30:1973 p. 820-821.
Barocas H. A.: Children of Purgatory: Reflections on the Concentration Camp Survival Syndrome. „Int. J. of Social Psychology” 21/2:1975 p. 87-92.
BettelheimB.: The Informed Heart. Glencoe 1960. Free Press.
Chodoff P.: Late Effects of Concentration Camp Syndrome. „Arch. Gen. Psychiatry” 8:1963 p. 323-333.
Chodoff P.: The German Concentration Camp as a Psychological Stress. „Arch. Gen. Psychiatry” 22:1970 p. 78-87.
Des Pres T.: Victims and Survivors. „Dissent” 23:1976 p. 49-56.
Des Pres T.: The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps. New York 1976. Oxford University Press.
Ei linger L.: The Symptomatology of Mental Disease among Refugees in Norway. „J. Mcnt. Sci.” 106:1960 p. 947-966.
Ei linger L.: Pathology of the Concentration Camp Syndrome. „Arch. Gen. Psychiatry” 5:1961 p. 371-379.
Eitinger L.: Preliminary Notes on a Study of Concentration Camp Survivors in Norway. „Israel Annals” 1:1963 No 1 p. 59-77.
Eitinger L.: Rehabilitation of Concentration Camp Survivors (Following Concentration Camp Trauma). „Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics” 17:1969 p. 42-49.
Eitinger L.: A Follow-up Study of the Norwegian Concentration Camp Survivors Mortality and Morbidity. „Israel Annals” 11:1973 No 3 p. 199-209.
Eitinger L., Strom A.: Mortality and Morbidity after Excessive Stress. New York 1973. Humanities Press.
Engel W. H.: Reflections on the Psychiatric Consequences of Persecution: An Evaluation of Restitution Claimants. „Am. J. of Psychotherapy” 16:1962 p. 191-203.
Friedman P.: Some Aspects of Concentration Camp Psychology. „Am. J. of Psychiatry” 105:1949 p. 601-605.
Gronner R.: Remarks in the general discussion of the conference. W: Massive Psychic Trauma. Ed. H. Krystal. New York 1968. International Universities Press.
Hafner H.: Psychological Disturbances Following Prolonged Persecution. „Social Psychiatry” 3:1968 No 3 p. 79-88.
He1veg-Larsen P.: Famine Disease in German Concentration Camps. „Acta Psychiatrica” Supplement 83:1952.
Hoppe K. D.: Author’s response in discussion of paper. „Psychoanalytic Forum” 1:1966 p. 85.
Kestenberg J. S.: Psychoanalytic Contributions to the Problem of Children of Survivors from Nazi Persecution. „Israel Annals” 10:1972 No 4 p. 311-321.
Kirman B.: Mental Disorders in Released Prisoners of War. ,,J. of Ment. Sci.” 92:1946 p. 808-813.
Klein H., Zellermayer, Shanan J.: Former Concentration Camp Inmates on a Psychiatric Ward. „Arch. Gen. Psychiatry” 8:1963 p. 339-342.
Klein H.: Children and Social Catastrophe. „Am. Psychoanalytic Assoc, meeting” 1968 (Boston).
Klonoff H., Mc Dougall G. Clark C. Kramer P., Horgan J.: The Neuro-psychological, Psychiatric, and Physical Effects of Prolonged and Severe Stress: Thirty Years Later. „J. Nervous and Mental Disease” 163:1976 No 4 p. 246-252.
Koenig W.: Chronic or Persisting Identity Diffusion. „Am. J. of Psychiatry” 120:1964 p. 1081-1084.
Krai V. A., Pazder L. H„ Wig dor B. T.: Long-term Effects of Prolonged Stress Experience. „Ca. Psychiatric Assoc. J.” 12:1967 No 1 p. 175-181.
Krysiewicz T. T.: The Polish Immigration Committee in the United States: A Historical Study of the American Committee for the Relief of Polish Immigrants — 1947-1952. New York 1954. Catholic Church of St. Stanislaus.
Krystal H. (Ed.): Massive Psychic Trauma. New York 1968. International Universities Press.
Krystal H.: Children an Social Catastrophe. „Am. Psychiatric Assoc, meeting” 1968 (Boston).
Lonnum A.: An Analytical Survey of the Literature Published on Delayed Effects of Internment in Concentration Camps and their Possible Relation to the Nervous System. Paris 1961 p. 21-53. W. V. F.
Lorenzer A.: Some Observations on the Latency of Symptoms in Patients Suffering from Persecution Sequelae. „Int. J. Psycho-Analysis” 49:1968 p. 316-319.
Luchterhand E.: Early and Late Effects of Imprisonment in Nazi Concentration Camps: Conflicting Interpretations in Survivor Research. „Social Psychiatry” 5:1970 No 2 p. 102-110.
Merloo J. A. M.: Neurologism and Denial of Psychic Trauma in Extermination Camp Survivors. „A. J. of Psychiatry” 120:1963 No 1 p. 66-67.
Nathan T. S., Eitinger L., Winnik H. Z.: The Psychiatric Pathology of Survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. „Israel Annals” 1:1963 No 1 p. 113.
Nathan T. S., Ei ting er L., Winnik H. Z.: A Psychiatric Study of Survivors of the Nazi Holocaust: A Study of Hospitalized Patients. „Israel Annals” 2:1964 No 1 p. 47-80.
Niederland W. G.: The Problems of the Survivor. „J. Hillside Hosp.” 10:1964 p. 233-247.
Niederland W. G.: Clinical, Social, and Rehabilitation Problems in Concentration Camp Survivors. „J. Jewish Com. Service” 42:1965 No 2 p. 186-191.
Niremberski M.: Psychological Investigation of a Group of Internees of Belsen Camp. „J. Ment. Sei.” 92:1946 p. 60-74.
Ostwald P., Bittner E.: Life Adjustment after Severe Persecution. „Am. J. of Psychiatry” 124:1968 No 10 p. 87-94.
Pierce R.: The Polish in America. Chicago 1972. Claretian Publications.
Polzin T.: The Polish Americans: Whence and Whither. Pulaski (Wis.) 1973. Franciscan Publishers.
Rakoff V.: A Long Term Effect of the Concentration Camp Experience. „Viewpoints” 1:1966 p. 17-22.
Rakoff V., Sigal J., Epstein N.: Children and Families of Concentration Camp Survivors. „Can. Ment. Health” 14:1967 p. 24-26.
Rappaport E. A.: Beyond Traumatic Neurosis: A PsycHoanalytic Study of Late Reactions to the Concentration Camp Trauma. „Int. J. Psycho-Anal.” 49:1968 p. 719-730.
Renkiewicz F.: The Poles in America 1608-1972: A Chronology and Fact Book. New York 1973. Oceana Publications.
Rudnicki J.: Slowa a Czyny. Toronto 1965. Wydanie Autora.
Russell A.: Late Psychosocial Consequences in Concentration Camp Survivor Families. „Am. J. Orthopsych.” 44:1974 No 4 p. 611-619.
Schneider G.: Survival and Guilt Feelings of Jewish Concentration Camp Victims. „Jewish Soc. Studies” 37:1975 No 1 p. 74-83.
Segal J., Hunter E. J., Segal Z.: Universal Consequences of Captivity Stress Reactions amfeng Divergent Populations of Prisoners of War and Their Families. „Int. Soc. Sei. J.” 28:1976 No 3 p. 593-609.
Shuval J.: Some Persistent Effects of Trauma: Five Years After the Nazi Concentration Camps. „Soc. Problems” 5:1957-1958 p. 230-242.
Sigal J. J„ Rakoff V.: Concentration Camp Survival: A Pilot Study of Effects on Second Generation. „Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J.” 16:1971 p. 393-397.
Sigal J. J. et al: Some Second Generation Effects of Survival of Nazi Persecution. „Am. J. Orthopsych.” 43:1973 No 3 p. 320-327.
Sigal J. J.: Effects of Parental Exposure to Prolonged Stress on the Mental Health of the Spouse and Children: Families of Canadian Army Survivors of the Japanese World War II Camps, presented at annual meeting of Can. Psy-chiatr. Assoc. Ottawa 1974.
Simenauer E.: Late Psychic Sequelae of Man-Made Disasters. „Int. J. Psycho-Anal.” 49:1968 p. 306-309.
Sterba E. : The Effects of Persecution on Adolescents, in Massive Psychic Trauma. Ed. H. Krystal. New York 1968. International Universities Press.
Straker M.: The Survivor Syndrome: Theoretical and Therapeutic Dilemas „Laval Medical J.” 42:1971 No 1 p. 37-41.
Strom A. et al.: Examination of Norwegian Ex-Concentration Camp Prisoners. „J. Neuropsychiatry” 4:1962 p. 43-62.
Thompson L. J.: German Concentration Camps: Psychological Aspects of the Camps. „Psych. Abstracts” 22:1948 p. 686.
Trautman E.: Effects of Nazi Atrocities on Survivors of the Extermination Camps. „J. Am. Assoc. Soc. Psychiat.” Sept.-Dec. 1961.
Trossman B.: Adolescent Children of Concentration Camp Survivors. „Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J.” 13:1968 p. 121-123.
Tuteur W.: One Hundred Concentration Camp Survivors Twenty Years Later. „Israel Annals” 4:1966 No 1 p. 78-90.
Venzlaff U.: Mental Disorders Resulting from Racial Persecution Outside of Concentration Camp. „Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry” 10:1964 p. 177-183.
Winkler G. E.: Neuropsychiatrie Symptoms in Survivors of Concentration Camps. „J. Soc. Therapy” 5:1959 p. 281-291.
Winnik H. Z.: Further Comments Concerning Problems of Late Psychopa-thological Effects of Nazi Persecution and Their Therapy. „Israel Annals” 5:1967 No 1 p. 1-16.
Winnik H. Z.: Contribution to Symposium of Psychic Traumatization through Social Catastrophe. „Int. J. Psych-Analysis” 49:1968 p. 298-301.
Wytrwal J. A.: America’s Polish Heritage: A Social History of the Poles in America. Detroit 1961. Endurance Press.
Wytrwal J. A.: The Poles in America. Minneapolis 1969. Lerner Publications Co.
Yaffe R.: Observations on the Remnants of the Concentration Camps Now Living in Israel. „Folia Medica” 21:1962 p. 3-8.