Validation of the Polish version of the Short Form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Keywords:
mindfulness; assessment; questionnaire; validation; short-form
Abstract
The objective of this study is to validate the Polish adaptation of the Short Form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-SF; Bohlmeijer, Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer) – a 24-item inventory measuring mindfulness in daily life – in a Polish sample. The psychometric properties of the Polish version were assessed in a sample of 885 individuals: 710 meditation-naïve and 175 meditation-advanced ones. The following psychometric properties were examined: reliability (internal consistency, temporal stability, discriminant validity), internal validity (confirmatory factor analyses), and convergent validity (correlation between the five FFMQ facets and neuroticism, emotional stability, rumination, openness to experience, ego strength, extraversion, and reflection). The results confirmed the reliability (internal consistency, temporal stability, discriminant validity), internal validity (the orthogonal 5-factor model), and convergent validity of the Polish adaptation in a nonclinical meditation-naïve and meditation-advanced population aged 15-63. The FFMQ-SF proved to be an effective instrument for measuring mindfulness in nonclinical meditation-naïve and meditation-experienced Polish samples. Further replications in clinical samples are needed.
References
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Baer, R. A. (Ed.) (2014). Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications. San Diego, CA, US: Elsevier.
Baer, R. A., Carmody, J., & Hunsinger, M. (2012). Weekly change in mindfulness and perceived stress in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(7), 755-65.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191-206.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329-342.
Bohlmeijer, E., Klooster, P. M., Fledderus, M., Veehof, M. M., & Baer, R. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in depressed adults and developing of the short form. Assessment, 18(3), 308-320.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present. Mindfulness and its role in well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11-34.
Capurso, V., Fabbro, F., & Crescentini, C. (2014). Mindful creativity: The influence of mindfulness meditation on creative thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 116. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116.
Cebolla, A., García-Palacios, A., Soler, J., Guillen, V., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 118-126.
Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Mead, S., Lilley, B., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 451-455.
Davidson, R. J. (2010). Empirical explorations of mindfulness: Conceptual and methodological conundrums. Emotion, 10(1), 8-11.
Didonna, F. (Ed.) (2009). Clinical handbook of mindfulness. New York, NY, US: Springer.
Dundas, I., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P.-E., & Sivertsen, B. (2013). The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(3), 250-260.
Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1002-1011.
Feldman, G. C., Hayes, A. M., Kumar, S. M., & Greeson, J. M. (2003). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness: Relations with emotional avoidance, over-engagement, and change with mindfulness training. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston, MA, US.
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale – Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190.
Ganaden, R., & Smith, S. D. (2011). The effects of trait mindfulness on multiple components of attention: Evidence from an emotional attention networks test. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 328-328.
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S. S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Resources, 57, 35-43.
Hagen, S. (2003). Buddhism is not what you think: Finding freedom beyond beliefs. New York, NY, US: HarperCollins Publishers.
Harrington, R., Loffredo, D. A., & Perz, C. A. (2014). Dispositional mindfulness as a positive predictor of psychological well-being and the role of the private self-consciousness insight factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 15-18.
Heeren, A., Douilliez, C., Peschard, V., Debrauwere, L., & Philippot, P. (2011). Cross-cultural validity of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire: Adaptation and validation in a Frenchspeaking sample. Revue européenne de psychologie appliquée, 61, 147-151.
Hou, J., Wong, S. Y.-S., Lo, H. H.-L., Mak, W. W.-S., & Ma, H. S.-W. (2013). Validation of a Chinese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Hong Kong and development of a short form. Assessment, 21(3), 363-371.
Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537-559.
Hölzel, B. K., Ott, U., Gard, T., Hempel, H., Weygandt, M., Morgen, K., & Vaitl, D. (2008). Investigation of mindfulness meditation practitioners with voxel-based morphometry. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 55-61.
Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8, 720-724.
Jankowski, T., & Holas, P. (2009). Poznawcze mechanizmy uważności i jej zastosowanie w psychoterapii [Cognitive mechanisms of mindfulness and its application in psychotherapy]. Studia Psychologiczne, 4, 49-59.
Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neurosciences, 7(2), 109-119.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom books of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, NY, US: Delta Books.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York, NY, US: Hyperion Books.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73-107.
Kiken, L.G., Garland, E. L., Palsson, O., Faurot, K., Bluth, K., & Gaylord, S. A. (2015). From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 41-46.
Kolańczyk, A., & Mikołajczyk, P. (2011). Uwaga postmedytacyjna osób doświadczonych w medytowaniu [Post-meditative attention of experienced meditators]. Studia Psychologiczne, 49(3), 57-73.
Lazar, S. (2005). Mindfulness research. In C. Gremer, S. Ronald, & P. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 220-240). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Luders, E., Cherbuin, N., & Kurth, F. (2015). Forever young(er): Potential age-defying effects of long-term meditation on gray matter atrophy. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(1551), 1-7.
Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. PLoS ONE, 3(3), e1897.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness. In P. D. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of consciousness (pp. 497-550). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lynch, T. R., Trost, W. T., Salsman, N., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 181-205.
MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Jacobs, T. L., . . .,Saron, C. D. (2010). Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychological Science, 21, 829-839.
McCown, D., Reibel, D. K., & Micozzi, M. S. (2009). Teaching mindfulness: A practical guide for clinicians and educators. New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer.
Pagnoni, J., & Cekic, M. (2007). Age effects on gray matter volume and attentional performance in Zen meditation. Neurobiology of Aging, 28, 1623-1627.
Radoń, S. (2014). Kwestionariusz Ruminacji-Refleksyjności (polska adaptacja The Rumination--Reflection Questionnaire) [A Polish adaptation of the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire]. Psychoterapia, 2(169), 61-72.
Rosch, E. (1998). Is wisdom in the brain? Psychological Science, 10, 222-224.
Saggar, M., King, B. G., Zanesco, A. P., Maclean, K. A., Aichele, S. R., Jacobs, T. L., Bridwell, D. A., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state--related EEG oscillatory activity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(256), 1-14.
Siegel, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of wellbeing. New York, NY, US: Norton.
Siek, S. (1983). Wybrane metody badania osobowości [Selected methods of personality research]. Warsaw, Poland: Warsaw Theological Academy (ATK) Press.
Slagter, H. A., Davidson, R. J., & Lutz, A. (2011). Mental training as a tool in the neuroscientific study of brain and cognitive plasticity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5(17), 187-202.
Spencer, N. (2010). Confirming experience: Being present during reflective conversations. Design Principles and Practices: An International Journal, 4(3), 355-366.
Strzałecki, A. (2000). Model „Stylu Twórczego Zachowania się” jako wskaźnik pozycji społecznej uczniów w grupie [The “Creative Behavior Style” as an indicator of students’ social position in the group]. Forum Psychologiczne, 2(5), 160-171.
Strzałecki, A. (2003). Psychologia twórczości. Między tradycją a ponowoczesnością [The psychology of creativity: Between tradition and postmodernity]. Warsaw, Poland: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University Press.
Sugiura, Y., Sato, A., Ito, Y., & Murakami, H. (2012). Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness, 3(2), 85-94.
Tang, Y. Y., Lu, Q., Fan, M., Yang, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2012). Mechanisms of white matter changes induced by meditation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(26), 10570-10574.
Tran, U. S., Glück, T. M., & Nader, I. W. (2013). Investigating the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ): Construction of a short form and evidence of a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 951-965.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304.
Treadway, M. T., & Lazar, S. (2009). The neurobiology of mindfulness. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 45-57). New York, NY, US: Springer.
Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296.
Veehof, M. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Taal, E., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in patients with fibromyalgia. Clinical Rheumatology, 30, 1045-1054.
Zawadzki, B., Strelau, J., Szczepaniak, P., & Śliwińska, M. (1998). Inwentarz osobowości NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae’a. Adaptacja Polska. Podręcznik [The NEO-FFI personality inventory by Costa and McCrae: Polish adaptation. A manual]. Warsaw, Poland: Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association.
Zawadzki, B., Szczepaniak, P., & Strelau, J. (1995). Diagnoza psychometryczna pięciu wielkich czynników osobowości: adaptacja kwestionariusza NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae’a do warunków polskich [Psychometric assessment of the Big Five factors of personality: Adaptation of the NEO-FFI personality inventory by Costa and McCrae to the Polish conditions]. Studia Psychologiczne, 33, 189-225.
Baer, R. A. (Ed.) (2014). Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications. San Diego, CA, US: Elsevier.
Baer, R. A., Carmody, J., & Hunsinger, M. (2012). Weekly change in mindfulness and perceived stress in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(7), 755-65.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191-206.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329-342.
Bohlmeijer, E., Klooster, P. M., Fledderus, M., Veehof, M. M., & Baer, R. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in depressed adults and developing of the short form. Assessment, 18(3), 308-320.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present. Mindfulness and its role in well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11-34.
Capurso, V., Fabbro, F., & Crescentini, C. (2014). Mindful creativity: The influence of mindfulness meditation on creative thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 116. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116.
Cebolla, A., García-Palacios, A., Soler, J., Guillen, V., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 118-126.
Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Mead, S., Lilley, B., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 451-455.
Davidson, R. J. (2010). Empirical explorations of mindfulness: Conceptual and methodological conundrums. Emotion, 10(1), 8-11.
Didonna, F. (Ed.) (2009). Clinical handbook of mindfulness. New York, NY, US: Springer.
Dundas, I., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P.-E., & Sivertsen, B. (2013). The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(3), 250-260.
Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1002-1011.
Feldman, G. C., Hayes, A. M., Kumar, S. M., & Greeson, J. M. (2003). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness: Relations with emotional avoidance, over-engagement, and change with mindfulness training. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston, MA, US.
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale – Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190.
Ganaden, R., & Smith, S. D. (2011). The effects of trait mindfulness on multiple components of attention: Evidence from an emotional attention networks test. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 328-328.
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S. S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Resources, 57, 35-43.
Hagen, S. (2003). Buddhism is not what you think: Finding freedom beyond beliefs. New York, NY, US: HarperCollins Publishers.
Harrington, R., Loffredo, D. A., & Perz, C. A. (2014). Dispositional mindfulness as a positive predictor of psychological well-being and the role of the private self-consciousness insight factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 15-18.
Heeren, A., Douilliez, C., Peschard, V., Debrauwere, L., & Philippot, P. (2011). Cross-cultural validity of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire: Adaptation and validation in a Frenchspeaking sample. Revue européenne de psychologie appliquée, 61, 147-151.
Hou, J., Wong, S. Y.-S., Lo, H. H.-L., Mak, W. W.-S., & Ma, H. S.-W. (2013). Validation of a Chinese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Hong Kong and development of a short form. Assessment, 21(3), 363-371.
Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537-559.
Hölzel, B. K., Ott, U., Gard, T., Hempel, H., Weygandt, M., Morgen, K., & Vaitl, D. (2008). Investigation of mindfulness meditation practitioners with voxel-based morphometry. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 55-61.
Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8, 720-724.
Jankowski, T., & Holas, P. (2009). Poznawcze mechanizmy uważności i jej zastosowanie w psychoterapii [Cognitive mechanisms of mindfulness and its application in psychotherapy]. Studia Psychologiczne, 4, 49-59.
Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neurosciences, 7(2), 109-119.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom books of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, NY, US: Delta Books.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York, NY, US: Hyperion Books.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73-107.
Kiken, L.G., Garland, E. L., Palsson, O., Faurot, K., Bluth, K., & Gaylord, S. A. (2015). From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 41-46.
Kolańczyk, A., & Mikołajczyk, P. (2011). Uwaga postmedytacyjna osób doświadczonych w medytowaniu [Post-meditative attention of experienced meditators]. Studia Psychologiczne, 49(3), 57-73.
Lazar, S. (2005). Mindfulness research. In C. Gremer, S. Ronald, & P. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 220-240). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Luders, E., Cherbuin, N., & Kurth, F. (2015). Forever young(er): Potential age-defying effects of long-term meditation on gray matter atrophy. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(1551), 1-7.
Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. PLoS ONE, 3(3), e1897.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness. In P. D. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of consciousness (pp. 497-550). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lynch, T. R., Trost, W. T., Salsman, N., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 181-205.
MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Jacobs, T. L., . . .,Saron, C. D. (2010). Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychological Science, 21, 829-839.
McCown, D., Reibel, D. K., & Micozzi, M. S. (2009). Teaching mindfulness: A practical guide for clinicians and educators. New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer.
Pagnoni, J., & Cekic, M. (2007). Age effects on gray matter volume and attentional performance in Zen meditation. Neurobiology of Aging, 28, 1623-1627.
Radoń, S. (2014). Kwestionariusz Ruminacji-Refleksyjności (polska adaptacja The Rumination--Reflection Questionnaire) [A Polish adaptation of the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire]. Psychoterapia, 2(169), 61-72.
Rosch, E. (1998). Is wisdom in the brain? Psychological Science, 10, 222-224.
Saggar, M., King, B. G., Zanesco, A. P., Maclean, K. A., Aichele, S. R., Jacobs, T. L., Bridwell, D. A., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state--related EEG oscillatory activity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(256), 1-14.
Siegel, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of wellbeing. New York, NY, US: Norton.
Siek, S. (1983). Wybrane metody badania osobowości [Selected methods of personality research]. Warsaw, Poland: Warsaw Theological Academy (ATK) Press.
Slagter, H. A., Davidson, R. J., & Lutz, A. (2011). Mental training as a tool in the neuroscientific study of brain and cognitive plasticity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5(17), 187-202.
Spencer, N. (2010). Confirming experience: Being present during reflective conversations. Design Principles and Practices: An International Journal, 4(3), 355-366.
Strzałecki, A. (2000). Model „Stylu Twórczego Zachowania się” jako wskaźnik pozycji społecznej uczniów w grupie [The “Creative Behavior Style” as an indicator of students’ social position in the group]. Forum Psychologiczne, 2(5), 160-171.
Strzałecki, A. (2003). Psychologia twórczości. Między tradycją a ponowoczesnością [The psychology of creativity: Between tradition and postmodernity]. Warsaw, Poland: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University Press.
Sugiura, Y., Sato, A., Ito, Y., & Murakami, H. (2012). Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness, 3(2), 85-94.
Tang, Y. Y., Lu, Q., Fan, M., Yang, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2012). Mechanisms of white matter changes induced by meditation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(26), 10570-10574.
Tran, U. S., Glück, T. M., & Nader, I. W. (2013). Investigating the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ): Construction of a short form and evidence of a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 951-965.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304.
Treadway, M. T., & Lazar, S. (2009). The neurobiology of mindfulness. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 45-57). New York, NY, US: Springer.
Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296.
Veehof, M. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Taal, E., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in patients with fibromyalgia. Clinical Rheumatology, 30, 1045-1054.
Zawadzki, B., Strelau, J., Szczepaniak, P., & Śliwińska, M. (1998). Inwentarz osobowości NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae’a. Adaptacja Polska. Podręcznik [The NEO-FFI personality inventory by Costa and McCrae: Polish adaptation. A manual]. Warsaw, Poland: Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association.
Zawadzki, B., Szczepaniak, P., & Strelau, J. (1995). Diagnoza psychometryczna pięciu wielkich czynników osobowości: adaptacja kwestionariusza NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae’a do warunków polskich [Psychometric assessment of the Big Five factors of personality: Adaptation of the NEO-FFI personality inventory by Costa and McCrae to the Polish conditions]. Studia Psychologiczne, 33, 189-225.
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