Effects of beliefs, motivation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions: The moderating role of family support
Keywords:
entrepreneurship; beliefs; motivation; entrepreneurial self-efficacy; entrepreneurial intentions; family support
Abstract
Entrepreneurship is crucial for promoting innovation, creating employment opportunities and generating social and economic wealth in a country’s economy. In order to increase entrepreneurial activity, it is important to investigate entrepreneurial behavior by analyzing the process of businesses creation and the set of factors that favor the development of entrepreneurial aspirations, intentions and actions, which is a central goal of psychology of entrepreneurship. This research aims to deepen the knowledge about the relationship between the entrepreneurial self-efficacy, belief, motivation, family support and entrepreneurial intentions by developing a moderated mediation model. This study suggests that entrepreneurial self-efficacy partially mediates the effect of beliefs and motivations on entrepreneurial intention. This mediation is moderated by family support, which is also directly related to the intentions. The study was conducted on a sample of 446 students from four different high schools, and results support our hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications from this research are further examined in the study.
References
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Antonioli, D., Nicolli, F., Ramaciotti, L., & Rizzo, U. (2016). The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on academics’ entrepreneurial intention. Administrative Sciences, 6(4), 15.
Aparicio, M., & Battistelli, A. (2008). Les intentiones entrepreneuriales: une étude comparative entre un échantillon d’étudiants argentins et italiens. 15e congrès de l’Association internationale de psychologie du travail de langue française. Entre tradition et innovation, comment transformons-nous l’univers du travail?, 1-11. Quebec, Canada: Lugar.
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Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user’s guide. Chicago: Smallwaters Corporation.
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Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4), 63-77.
Brislin, R. W. (1980). Cross-cultural research methods. In I. Altman, A. Rapoport, & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Environment and culture (vol. 4, pp. 47-82). Boston, MA: Springer.
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Fayolle, A., & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663-666.
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Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4), 431-440.
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Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Action control (pp. 11-39). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 20, pp. 1-63). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall.
Altinay, L., Madanoglu, M., Daniele, R., & Lashley, C. (2012). The influence of family tradition and psychological traits on entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 489-499.
Anderson, A. R., Jack, S. L., & Drakopoulou-Dodd, S. (2005). The role of family members in entrepreneurial networks: Beyond the boundaries of the family firm. Family Business Review, 18(2), 135-154.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Antonioli, D., Nicolli, F., Ramaciotti, L., & Rizzo, U. (2016). The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on academics’ entrepreneurial intention. Administrative Sciences, 6(4), 15.
Aparicio, M., & Battistelli, A. (2008). Les intentiones entrepreneuriales: une étude comparative entre un échantillon d’étudiants argentins et italiens. 15e congrès de l’Association internationale de psychologie du travail de langue française. Entre tradition et innovation, comment transformons-nous l’univers du travail?, 1-11. Quebec, Canada: Lugar.
Appelbaum, S. H., & Hare, A. (1996). Self-efficacy as a mediator of goal setting and performance: Some human resource applications. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11(3), 33-47.
Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user’s guide. Chicago: Smallwaters Corporation.
Bandura, A. (1974). Behavior theory and the models of man. American Psychologist, 29(12), 859-869.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1988). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety Research, 1(2), 77-98.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY, US: Worth Publishers.
Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., Hardy, A. B., & Howells, G. N. (1980). Tests of the generality of self--efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4(1), 39-66.
BarNir, A., Watson, W. E., & Hutchins, H. M. (2011). Mediation and moderated mediation in the relationship among role models, self‐efficacy, entrepreneurial career intention, and gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(2), 270-297.
Baron, R. A. (2007). Behavioral and cognitive factors in entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs as the active element in new venture creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1‐2), 167-182.
Battistelli, A. (Ed.) (2001). I giovani e la scelta imprenditoriale. Milano: Guerini e Associati.
Battistelli, A. (2003). La personalità proattiva e il senso di iniziativa sono caratteristiche imprenditoriali? Risorsa Uomo, Rivista di Psicologia del Lavoro e dell’Organizzazione, 9(3-4), 263-270.
Battistelli, A., Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., & Vandenberghe, C. (2013). Mindsets of commitment and motivation: Interrelationships and contribution to work outcomes. The Journal of Psychology, 147(1), 17-48.
Battistelli, A., Odoardi, C., & Sanchez, J. C. (2006). The role of personality, beliefs, motivation, and values on entrepreneurial intention. Revista de Psicologia Social Aplicada, 16(3), 249-265.
Battistelli, A., Galletta, M., Odoardi, C., Nuñez, J. L., & Ntalianis, F. (2017). Proposal for a version of MWMS across Mediterranean countries: A validation study in Greece, Italy, and Spain. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 33(2), 104-115. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000277.
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4), 63-77.
Brislin, R. W. (1980). Cross-cultural research methods. In I. Altman, A. Rapoport, & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Environment and culture (vol. 4, pp. 47-82). Boston, MA: Springer.
Bulger, C. A., & Mellor, S. (1997). Self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between perceived union barriers and women’s participation in union activities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 935.
Busenitz, L. W., Plummer, L. A., Klotz, A. C., Shahzad, A., & Rhoads, K. (2014). Entrepreneurship research (1985-2009) and the emergence of opportunities. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 38(5), 1-20.
Busenitz, L. W., West III, G. P., Shepherd, D., Nelson, T., Chandler, G. N., & Zacharakis, A. (2003). Entrepreneurship research in emergence: Past trends and future directions. Journal of management, 29(3), 285-308.
Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316.
Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296-325.
De Noble, A., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. (1999). Initiating new ventures: The role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Paper presented at the Babson Research Conference, Babson College, Boston, MA.
Dyer, W. G. Jr. (1995). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial careers. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(2), 7-21.
European Commission. (2003). European Union guidelines for the development and support of entrepreneurship. Bruxelles.
Fayolle, A., & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663-666.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4), 431-440.
Frank, H., & Landström, H. (2016). What makes entrepreneurship research interesting? Reflections on strategies to overcome the rigour-relevance gap. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(1-2), 51-75.
Gartner, B., Bird, B. J., & Starr, J. A. (1992). Acting as if: Differenting entrepreneurial from organizational behavior. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 16(3), 13-32.
Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183-211.
Greve, A., & Salaff, J. W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 1-22.
Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 334-343.
Heuer, A., & Liñán, F. (2013). Testing alternative measures of subjective norms in entrepreneurial intention models. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19(1), 35-50.
Kibler, E. (2013). Formation of entrepreneurial intentions in a regional context. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(3-4), 293-323.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Krueger, A. O. (1993). Virtuous and vicious circles in economic development. The American Economic Review, 83(2), 351-355.
Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330.
Krueger Jr., N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.
Lent, R. W., & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30(3), 347-382.
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross‐Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
Liñán, F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2011). Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 23(3-4), 187-215.
Little, T. D., Bovaird, J. A., & Widaman, K. F. (2006). On the merits of orthogonalizing powered and product terms: Implications for modeling interactions among latent variables. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(4), 497-519.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Locke, J. (1996). Some thoughts concerning education and of the conduct of the understanding. London: Hackett Publishing Company.
Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162-185.
Odoardi, C. (2003). Le opinioni sul lavoro imprenditoriale: una ricerca su studenti e genitori. Risorsa Uomo, Rivista di Psicologia del Lavoro e dell’Organizzazione, 9(3-4), 283-293.
Odoardi, C., Corallo, S. (2014). Gli aspetti psicologici dell’imprenditorialità nei giovani studenti: una ricerca empirica. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia dell’Orientamento, 14, 83-95.
Odoardi, C., Montani, F., Boudrias, J. S., & Battistelli, A. (2015). Linking managerial practices and leadership style to innovative work behavior: The role of group and psychological processes. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(5), 545-569.
Pinder, C. C. (1998). Motivation in work organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Randerson, K. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation: Do we actually know as much as we think we do?. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(7-8), 580-600.
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2007). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 353-385.
Reynolds, D. A. (1995). Speaker identification and verification using Gaussian mixture speaker models. Speech Communication, 17(1-2), 91-108.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Sanchez, D. T., Crocker, J., & Boike, K. R. (2005). Doing gender in the bedroom: Investing in gender norms and the sexual experience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1445-1455.
Sánchez, J. C., & Odoardi, C. (2008). Le differenze di genere nelle scelte imprenditoriali: il caso spagnolo. Risorsa Uomo, Rivista di Psicologia del Lavoro e dell’Organizzazione, 14(4), 391-410.
Schunk, D. H. (1990). Goal setting and self-efficacy during self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 71-86.
Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(1), 42-57.
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