Supporting the development of wisdom: The dialogical perspective
Abstract
The article presents internal dialogical activity as one of the possible ways of developing wisdom, understood here primarily in terms of dialectical thinking. The author explains the relationships between internal dialogical activity and dialectical thinking and describes the cognitive processes that accompany inner dialogs, related to imaginative thinking, attention management, metacognition, and the use of conceptual knowledge with ambiguous contents. The active involvement of these processes seems indispensable for achieving dialectic effects through dialogical activity, including the acceptance of contradictions and the integration of different viewpoints. The final part of the article discusses practical methods of supporting wisdom based on three manifestations of inner dialogical activity: identity dialogs, temporal dialogs, and dialogs simulating social interactions.
References
Baltes, P. B., Glück, J. i Kunzmann, U. (2002). Wisdom: Its structure and function in regulating successful lifespan development. W: C. R. Snyder i S. J. Lopez (red.), Handbook of positive psychology (s. 327-347). New York: Oxford University Press.
Basseches, M. (1984). Dialectical thinking and adult development. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Birren, J. E. i Fisher, L. M. (1990). The elements of wisdom: Overview and integration. W: R. J. Sternberg (red.), Wisdom, its nature, origins and development (s. 317-332). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Borawski, D. (2011). Wpływ aktywizowania myślenia dialogowego na sytuacyjną samoocenę i emocje. W: P. Oleś i M. Puchalska-Wasyl (red.), Dialog z samym sobą (s. 201-223). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Carr, A. (2004). Positive psychology: The science of happiness and human strength. New York, NY: Routledge.
Cooper, M. i Cruthers, H. (1999). Faciliating the expression of subpersonalities: A review and analysis of techniques. W: J. Rowan i M. Cooper (red.), The plural self. Multiplicity in everyday life (s. 198-212). London: Sage.
Dimaggio, G., Hermans, H. J. M. i Lysaker, P. H. (2010). Health and adaptation in a multiple self. The role of absence of dialogue and poor metacognition in clinical populations. Theory and Psychology, 20(3), 379-399.
Erikson, E. H. i Erikson, J. M. (1997). The life cycle completed. New York: W.W. Norton.
Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.
Glück, J. i Baltes, P. B. (2006). Using the concept of wisdom to enhance the expression of wisdom knowledge: Not the philosopher’s dream, but differential effects of developmental preparedness. Psychology and Aging, 21, 679-690.
Hermans, H. J. M. (1996). Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 31-50.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2001). The dialogical self: Toward a theory of personal and cultural positioning. Culture & Psychology, 7(3), 243-281.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2003). The construction and reconstruction of a dialogical self. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 16, 89-130.
Hermans, H. J. M. (2013). A multivoiced and dialogical self and the challenge of social power in a globalizing world. W: R. W. Tafarodi (red.), Subjectivity in the twenty-first century: Psychological, sociological, and political perspectives (s. 41-65). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hermans, H. J. M. i Oleś, P. K. (2013). Dialogical Self Theory in practice: About some interesting phenomena. W: D. Cervone, M. Fajkowska, M. W. Eysenck i T. Maruszewski (red.), Warsaw lectures in personality and social psychology. Vol. 3: Personality dynamics: Meaning construction, the social world, and the embodied mind (s. 33-46). New York, NY: Eliot Werner Publications, Inc.
Kolańczyk, A. (1995). Why is intuition creative sometimes? W: T. Maruszewski i C. Nosal (red.), Creative information processing. Cognitive models (s. 53-72). Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon Publishers.
Kramer, D. A. (1990). Conceptualizing wisdom: The primacy of affect-cognition relations. W: R. Sternberg (red.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (s. 279- 309). New York, NY: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kunzmann, U. (2004). Approaches to a good life: The emotional-motivational side to wisdom. W: P. A. Linley i S. Joseph (red.), Positive psychology in practice (s. 504-517). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
Kunzmann, U. i Baltes, P. B. (2005). The psychology of wisdom: Theoretical and empirical challenges. W: R. J. Sternberg i J. Jordan (red.), Handbook of wisdom (s. 110-135). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Kunzmann, U. i Thomas, S. (2015). Wisdom-related knowledge: A human resource across the adult lifespan. W: S. Joseph (red.), Positive psychology in practice (wyd. 2). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Wisdom as integrated thought: Historical and developmental perspectives. W: R. Sternberg (red.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (s. 52-83). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Linden, M. (2014). Promoting resilience and well-being with wisdom and wisdom therapy. W: G. A. Fava i C. Ruini (red.), Increasing psychological well-being in clinical and educational settings (s. 75-90). Dordrecht: Springer.
Nęcka, E. (2002). Psychologia twórczości. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Oleś, P. K. (2009a). Czy głosy umysłu da się mierzyć? Skala Wewnętrznej Aktywności Dialogowej (SWAD). Przegląd Psychologiczny, 52, 37-50.
Oleś, P. K. (2009b). Dialogowość wewnętrzna jako właściwość człowieka. W: J. Kozielecki (red.), Nowe idee w psychologii (s. 216-235). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Oleś, P. K. (2011). Psychologia człowieka dorosłego. Ciągłość – zmiana – integracja. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Oleś, P., Brygoła, E. i Sibińska, M. (2010). Temporal dialogues and their influence on affective states and the meaning of life. International Journal for Dialogical Science, 4, 23-43.
Puchalska-Wasyl, M. (2007). Types and functions of inner dialogues. Psychology of Language and Communication, 11, 43-62.
Puchalska-Wasyl, M. (2016a). Determinants of integration and confrontation in internal dialogues. Japanese Psychological Research, 58(3), 248-260. DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12115
Puchalska-Wasyl, M. (2016b). The functions of internal dialogs and their connection with personality. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 162-168. DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12115
Puchalska-Wasyl, M., Chmielnicka-Kuter, E., Jankowski, T. i Bąk, W. (2008). Wyobraźnia jako przestrzeń dla wewnętrznego dialogu. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 51, 197-214. DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12275
Reznitskaya, A. i Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Teaching students to make wise judgments: The „teaching for wisdom” program. W: P. A. Linley i S. Joseph (red.), Positive psychology in practice (s. 181-196). New York, NY: Wiley.
Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Nicolo, G. i Procaci, M. (2004). A dialogical approach to clients with personality disorders. W: H. J. M. Hermans i G. Dimaggio (red.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (s. 220-234). New York, NY: Brunner & Routledge.
Sheldon, K. M. i Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personalityintagration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543.
Staudinger, U. M. i Baltes P. B. (1996). Interactive minds: A facilitative setting for wisdom-related performance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 746-762.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347-365.
Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36(4), 227-245.
Thagard, P. (1997). Coherent and creative conceptual combinations. W: T. B. Ward, S. M. Smith i J. Viad (red.), Creative thought: An investigation of conceptual structures and processes (s. 129-141). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Tomczuk-Wasilewska, J. (2009). Psychologia humoru. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Trzebiński, J. (1981). Twórczość a struktura pojęć. Warszawa: PWN.
Watkins, M. (1999). Pathways between the multiplicities of psyche and culture: The development of dialogical capacities. W: J. Rowan i M. Cooper (red.), The plural self: Multiplicity in everyday life (s. 254-267). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Wu, P. i Chiou, B. (2008). Postformal thinking and creativity among young adolescents: A post-Piagetian approach. Adolescence, 43(170), 237-251.
Copyright (c) 2017 Roczniki Psychologiczne
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
