Transference and its usefulness in psychotherapy in the light of empirical evidence
Keywords:
transference; transference interpretation; psychoanalysis; psychotherapy; social cognition
Abstract
The paper is aimed at finding answers to the following questions: (1) Is there empirical evidence for the psychoanalytic concept of transference? (2) Is there empirical evidence for the usefulness of working with transference in psychotherapy? Objections concerning the reality and practical value of transference have been summarized. A review of research dedicated to transference has been conducted, covering fundamental research in the psychology of social cognition as well as research on psychotherapy using both psychodynamic and nonpsychodynamic approaches. Studies from the first group confirm the existence of transference. Studies from the second group indicate conditions in which working with transference in psychotherapy seems to be efficient. Implications for psychotherapy practice have been formulated.
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Connolly, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., Demorest, A., Azarian, K., Muenz, L. i Chittams, J. (1996). Varieties of transference patterns in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1213-1221.
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Cooper, A. M. (1987). Changes in psychoanalytic ideas: Transference interpretation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 35(1), 77-98.
Crits-Christoph, P., Cooper, A. i Luborsky, L. (1988). The accuracy of therapists’ interpretations and the outcome of dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 490-495.
Doering, S., Horz, S., Rengtrop, M., Fischer-Kern, M., Schuster, P., Benecke, C., [...] (2010). Transference-focused psychotherapy v. treatment by community psychotherapists for borderline personality disorder: Randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 389-395.
Etchegoyen, R. H. (2005). Fundamentals of psychoanalytic technique. London: Karnac Books.
Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1952). Psychoanalytic studies of personality. London: Tavistock.
Frances, A., Perry, S. (1983). Transference interpretations in focal therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 405-409.
Freud, S. (1905/1955). Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria. W: J. Strachey (red.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (t. 7, s. 1-122). London: Hogarth Press.
Freud, S. (1915/1958). Observations on transference-love. W: J. Strachey (red.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (t. 12, s. 157-171).
Freud, S. (1917/1963). Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. W: J. Strachey (red.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (t. 15, s. 431-447).
Freud, S. (1937/1964). Analysis terminable and interminable. W: J. Strachey (red.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (t. 23, s. 207-254).
Fried, D., Crits-Christoph, P. i Luborsky, L. (1992). The first empirical demonstration of trans-ference in psychotherapy. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 326-331.
Gabbard, G. (2006). When is transference work useful in dynamic psychotherapy? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1667-1669.
Gabbard, G. O., Horowitz, L., Allen, J. C., Frieswyk, S., Newsom, G., Colson, D. B. i Coyne, L. (1994). Transference interpretation in psychotherapy of borderline patients: A high-risk, high- -gain phenomenon. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 2, 59-69.
Geller, J. D. (2005). Style and its contribution to a patient-specific model of therapeutic technique. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42, 469-482.
Gelso, C. J., Bhatia, A. (2012). Crossing theoretical lines: The role and effect of transference in nonanalytic psychotherapies. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 384-390.
Gelso, C. J., Kelley, F. A., Fuertes, J. N., Marmarosh, C., Holmes, S. E., Costa, C. i Hancock, G. R. (2005). Measuring the real relationship in psychotherapy: Initial validation of the therapist form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 640-649.
Gelso, C. J., Kivlighan, D. M., Wine, B., Jones, A. i Friedman, S. C. (1997). Transference, insight, and the course of time-limited therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 209-217.
Gill, M. M. (1982). Analysis of transference I: Theory and technique. New York: International Universities Press.
Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.
Grinberg, L. (1997). Is the transference feared by the psychoanalyst? International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 78, 1-14.
Handley, N. (1995). The concept of transference: A critique. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 12(1), 49-59.
Henry, W. P. i Strupp, H. H. (1994). The therapeutic alliance as interpersonal process. W: A. O. Horvath i L. S. Greenberg (red.), The working alliance: Theory, research and practice (s. 51-84). New York, NY: Wiley and Sons.
Hinkley, K. i Andersen, S. M. (1996). The working self-concept in transference: Significant-other activation and self change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1279-1295.
Hoffman, I. Z. (1983). The patient as interpreter of the analyst’s experience. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 19, 389-422.
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