Poprawianie emocji w psychoterapii
Keywords:
emocje, regulacja emocji, cechy emocjonalne, psychoterapia, techniki terapeutyczne
Abstract
Celem artykułu jest omówienie w świetle współczesnej wiedzy o emocjach założeń dotyczących celu i sposobu wpływania metodami psychoterapeutycznymi na przebieg i treść emocji. W pierwszej części opisano podstawowe pojęcia i założenia dotyczące emocji, wypracowane na gruncie psychologii, które sugerują, że problemy emocjonalne mogą być efektem nie tylko niewystarczającej regulacji emocji, lecz także nieprawidłowo ukształtowanych cech emocjonalnych. W drugiej części artykułu dokonano przeglądu badań wskazujących na ograniczenia zakresu zastosowania tradycyjnych technik, których celem jest wpływanie na przebieg emocji tak, aby były bardziej świadome i łatwiej wyrażane lub zahamowane. W trzeciej części omówiono założenia dotyczące zmieniania cech emocjonalnych podczas procesu terapeutycznego oraz wskazano na możliwe mechanizmy, które można wykorzystać do budowania oddziaływań mających na celu modyfikację cech emocjonalnych.
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Kreitler, S. (1999). Denial in cancer patients. Cancer Investigation, 17, 514-534.
Larsen, J. T. i McGraw, A. P. (2011). Further evidence for mixed emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1095-1110.
Lohr, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Baumeister, R. F. i Bushman, B. J. (2007). The psychology of anger venting and empirically supported alternatives that do no harm. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 5(1), 53-64.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L. i Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life’s triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692-708.
Mayou, R. A., Ehlers, A. i Hobbs M., (2000) Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 589-593.
McCraty, R. (2004). The energetic heart: Bioelectromagnetic communication within and between people. W: P. J. Rosch i M. S. Markov (red.), Clinical applications of bioelectromagnetic medicine (s. 541-562). New York: Marcel Dekker.
McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. W. i Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 45-72.
Murray, B. D., Holland A. C. i Kensinger, E. A. (2013). Episodic memory and emotion. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 156-175). New York: The Guilford Press.
Oceja, L. i Carrera, P. (2009). Beyond a single pattern of mixed emotional experience: Sequential, prevalent, inverse and genuine simultaneous. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 1, 58-67.
Parrott, W. G. (1993). Beyond hedonism: Motives for imbibing good moods and for maintaining bad moods. W: D. M. Wegner i J. W. Pennebaker (red.), Handbook of mental control (s. 278-308). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. New York: The Guilford Press.
Rose, S., Brewin, C., Andrews, A. i Kirk, M. (1999). A randomized controlled trial of psychological debriefing in victims of violent crime. Psychological, 29, 793-799.
Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. W: S. Koch (red.), Psychology: A study of a science (vol. III). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Scherer, K. R. (2000). Emotions as episodes of subsystem synchronization driven by nonlinear appraisal processes. W: M. Lewis i I. Granic (red.), Emotion, development, and self-organization (s. 70-99). New York–Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scherer, K. R. (2002). Emotion, the psychological structure of emotions. W: N. J. Smelser i P. B. Baltes (red.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (s. 4472-4477). Oxford: Harvard Libraries.
Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Schut, H., Zech, E. i van den Bout, J. (2002). Does disclosure of emotions facilitate recovery from bereavement? Evidence from two prospective studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 169-178.
Suri, G., Sheppes, G. i Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation and cognition. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 195-209). New York: The Guilford Press.
Tangney, J. P. i Salovey, P. (2010). Emotions of the imperiled ego: Shame, guilt, jealousy, and envy. W: J. E. Maddux i J. P. Tangney (red.), Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology (s. 245-271). New York: Guilford Press.
Trzebińska, E. (2009). Afektywny model zaburzeń osobowości. W: E. Trzebińska (red.), Szaleństwo bez utraty rozumu. Z badań nad zaburzeniami osobowości (s. 79-101). Warszawa: SWPS Academica.
Trzebińska, E. (2012). W kierunku nauki o zdrowiu emocjonalnym. W: A. Szuster, D. Maison i D. Karwowska (red.), W stronę podmiotowości (s. 69-84). Sopot: Smak Słowa.
Trzebińska, E. i Gabińska, A. (2009). Przeżywanie uczuć w zaburzeniach osobowości. W: E. Trzebińska (red.), Szaleństwo bez utraty rozumu. Z badań nad zaburzeniami osobowości (s. 144-171). Warszawa: SWPS Academica.
Vohs, K. D. i Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Can satisfaction reinforce wanting?: A new theory about long-term changes in strength motivation. W: J. Y. Shah i W. L. Gardner (red.), Handbook of motivation science (s. 373-391). New York: The Guilford Press.
Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. New York: The Guilford Press.
Winkielman, P. i Kavanagh, L. C. (2013). The embodied perspective on cognition-emotion interaction. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 213-230). New York: The Guilford Press.
Augustine, A. A., Larsen, R. J. i Lee, H. (2013). Affective personality traits and cognition: Interactions between extraversion/neuroticism, affect, and cognition. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 312-328). New York: The Guilford Press.
Baikie, K. A. i Wilhelm, K. (2005). Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 338-346.
Batten, S. V., Follette, V. M., Rasmussen-Hall, M. L. i Palm, K. M. (2002). Physical and psychological effects of written disclosure among sexual abuse survivors. Behavior Therapy, 33, 107-122.
Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Vohs, K. D. i Alquist, J. L. (2010). Does emotion cause behavior (apart from making people do stupid, destructive things)? W: C. Agnew, D. Carlson, W. Graziano i J. Kelly (red.), Then a miracle occurs: Focusing on behavior in social psychological theory and research (s. 119-136). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bisson, J., Jenkins, P. L., Alexander, J. i Bannister, C. (1997). Randomized controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of burn trauma. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 78-81.
Bonanno, G. A. i Keltner, D. (1997). Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 126-137.
Bonanno, G. A., Keltner, D., Holen, A. i Horowitz, M. J. (1995). When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 975-989.
Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 724-731.
Clore, G. L. i Robinson, M. D. (2012). Five new ideas about emotion and their implications for social-personality psychology. W: K. Deaux i M. Snyder (red.), Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology (s. 315-336). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Consedine, N., Magai, C. i Bonanno, G. A. (2002). Moderators of the emotion inhibition-health relationship: A review and research agenda. Review of General Psychology, 6, 204-238.
Czabała, J. C. (2008). Czynniki leczące w psychoterapii. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Damasio, A. R. (1999). Błąd Kartezjusza. Emocje, rozum i ludzki mózg. Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis.
Devilly, G. J., Gist, R. i Cotton, P. (2006). Ready! Fire! Aim! The status of psychological debriefing and therapeutic interventions: In the work place and after disasters. Review of General Psychology, 10, 318-345.
Doerr, C. E. i Baumeister, R. F. (2010). Self-regulatory strength and psychological adjustment: Implications of the limited resource model of self-regulation. W: J. Maddux i J. Tang- ney (red.), Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology (s. 71-83). New York: Guilford.
Frijda, N. H. (2005). Emotion experience. Cognition and Emotion, 4, 473-497.
Frijda, N. H. (2008). The psychologists’ point of view. W: M. Lewis, J. N. Haviland-Jones i L. F. Barrett (red.), Handbook of emotions (s. 68-87). New York: The Guilford Press.
Greenberg, L. S. (1991). Research on the process of change. Psychotherapy Research, 1, 14-24.
Greenberg, L. S. (2013). Cognition, emotion and the construction of meaning. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 521-539). New York: The Guilford Press.
Greenberg, L. S. i Safran, J. (1989). Emotion in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 1, 19-29.
Hermans, D., Baeyens, F. i Vervliet, B. (2013). Generalization of acquired emotional response. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 117-134). New York: The Guilford Press.
Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions and emotion-cognition relations. Psychological Review, 3, 561-565.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. i Oatley, K. (2005). Poznawcza i społeczna konstrukcja w emocjach. W: M. Lewis i J. M. Haviland-Jones (red.), Psychologia emocji (s. 576-597). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Kennedy-Moore, E. i Watson, J. C. (2001). How and when does emotional expression help? Review of General Psychology, 5, 187-212.
Kreitler, S. (1999). Denial in cancer patients. Cancer Investigation, 17, 514-534.
Larsen, J. T. i McGraw, A. P. (2011). Further evidence for mixed emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1095-1110.
Lohr, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Baumeister, R. F. i Bushman, B. J. (2007). The psychology of anger venting and empirically supported alternatives that do no harm. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 5(1), 53-64.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L. i Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life’s triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692-708.
Mayou, R. A., Ehlers, A. i Hobbs M., (2000) Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 589-593.
McCraty, R. (2004). The energetic heart: Bioelectromagnetic communication within and between people. W: P. J. Rosch i M. S. Markov (red.), Clinical applications of bioelectromagnetic medicine (s. 541-562). New York: Marcel Dekker.
McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. W. i Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 45-72.
Murray, B. D., Holland A. C. i Kensinger, E. A. (2013). Episodic memory and emotion. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 156-175). New York: The Guilford Press.
Oceja, L. i Carrera, P. (2009). Beyond a single pattern of mixed emotional experience: Sequential, prevalent, inverse and genuine simultaneous. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 1, 58-67.
Parrott, W. G. (1993). Beyond hedonism: Motives for imbibing good moods and for maintaining bad moods. W: D. M. Wegner i J. W. Pennebaker (red.), Handbook of mental control (s. 278-308). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. New York: The Guilford Press.
Rose, S., Brewin, C., Andrews, A. i Kirk, M. (1999). A randomized controlled trial of psychological debriefing in victims of violent crime. Psychological, 29, 793-799.
Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. W: S. Koch (red.), Psychology: A study of a science (vol. III). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Scherer, K. R. (2000). Emotions as episodes of subsystem synchronization driven by nonlinear appraisal processes. W: M. Lewis i I. Granic (red.), Emotion, development, and self-organization (s. 70-99). New York–Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scherer, K. R. (2002). Emotion, the psychological structure of emotions. W: N. J. Smelser i P. B. Baltes (red.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (s. 4472-4477). Oxford: Harvard Libraries.
Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Schut, H., Zech, E. i van den Bout, J. (2002). Does disclosure of emotions facilitate recovery from bereavement? Evidence from two prospective studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 169-178.
Suri, G., Sheppes, G. i Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation and cognition. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 195-209). New York: The Guilford Press.
Tangney, J. P. i Salovey, P. (2010). Emotions of the imperiled ego: Shame, guilt, jealousy, and envy. W: J. E. Maddux i J. P. Tangney (red.), Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology (s. 245-271). New York: Guilford Press.
Trzebińska, E. (2009). Afektywny model zaburzeń osobowości. W: E. Trzebińska (red.), Szaleństwo bez utraty rozumu. Z badań nad zaburzeniami osobowości (s. 79-101). Warszawa: SWPS Academica.
Trzebińska, E. (2012). W kierunku nauki o zdrowiu emocjonalnym. W: A. Szuster, D. Maison i D. Karwowska (red.), W stronę podmiotowości (s. 69-84). Sopot: Smak Słowa.
Trzebińska, E. i Gabińska, A. (2009). Przeżywanie uczuć w zaburzeniach osobowości. W: E. Trzebińska (red.), Szaleństwo bez utraty rozumu. Z badań nad zaburzeniami osobowości (s. 144-171). Warszawa: SWPS Academica.
Vohs, K. D. i Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Can satisfaction reinforce wanting?: A new theory about long-term changes in strength motivation. W: J. Y. Shah i W. L. Gardner (red.), Handbook of motivation science (s. 373-391). New York: The Guilford Press.
Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. New York: The Guilford Press.
Winkielman, P. i Kavanagh, L. C. (2013). The embodied perspective on cognition-emotion interaction. W: D. M. Robinson, E. R. Watkins i E. Harmon-Jones (red.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (s. 213-230). New York: The Guilford Press.
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