Modifying copying with stress as a method of preventing the recurrence of mental disorder symptoms
Keywords:
coping with stress; psychotherapy; preventing the recurrence of mental disorder symptoms
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to find answers to two questions of practical nature regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy by referring to research results. These questions are the following: (1) In the case of which mental disorders is there a need to increase the skills of coping with stress in order to prevent the recurrence of symptoms? (2) What would that increase in coping skills be based on? A review of research on the deferred effects of psychotherapy showed that, firstly, studies address only depressive disorders, and, secondly, that teaching different cognitive and behavioral skills is effective in preventing the recurrence of these disorders. A review of studies on the contribution of stress to the etiology of mental disorders showed that in case of 13 disorders the contribution of stress is confirmed by empirical evidence. The theoretical clinical literature suggests that stress contributes to the induction of symptoms in cases of a larger number of disorders. Based on a review of research on coping with stress in representative general populations of adults experiencing stressful situations or traumatic events, it was determined what the ability of effective coping with stress consists in. It consists in adapting appropriate coping strategies aimed at eliminating the stressor or at mitigating the negative emotions associated with stress. In psychotherapy, teaching this skill seems to be a promising method of preventing the recurrence of mental disorder symptoms whose formation is associated with stress.
References
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Buhlmann, U., Marques, L. M. i Wilhelm, S. (2012). Traumatic experiences in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(1), 95-98.
Cheng, C., Kogan, A. i Chio, J. H. M. (2012). The effectiveness of a new, coping flexibility intervention as compared with a cognitive-behavioral intervention in managing work stress. Work & Stress, 26(3), 272-288.
Classen, C., Koopman, C., Hales, R. i Spiegel, D. (1998). Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(5), 620-624.
Collins, D. L., Baum, A. i Singer, J. E. (1983). Coping with chronic stress at Three Mile Island: Psychological and biochemical evidence. Health Psychology, 2(2), 149-166.
Cuijpers, P. i Smith, F. (2008). Sublicinical depression: A clinically relevant condition? Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 50(8), 519-528.
Didie, E. R., Tortolani, C. C., Pope, C. G., Menard, W., Fay, C. i Phillips, K. A. (2006). Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(10), 1105-1115.
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Gerber, M. M., Boals, A. i Schuettler, D. (2011). The unique contributions of positive and negative religious coping to posttraumatic growth and PTSD. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(4), 298-307.
Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., Nowell, P. D., Nofzinger, E. A., Houck, P., Reynolds, C. F. i Kupfer, D. J. (2000). Symptoms of stress and depression as correlates of sleep in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 227-230.
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Imbierowicz, K. i Egle, U. T. (2003). Childhood adversities in patients with fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorder. European Journal of Pain, 7(2), 113-119.
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Kotby, M. N., Baraka, M., El Sady, S. R., Ghanem, M. i Shoeib, R. (2003). Psychogenic stress as a possible etiological factor in non-organic dysphonia. International Congress Series, 1240, 1251-1256.
Kumano, H., Ida, I., Oshima, A., Takahashi, K., Yuuki, N., Amanuma, M., Oriuchi, N., Endo, K., Matsuda, H. i Mikuni, M. (2007). Brain metabolic changes associated with predispotion to onset of major depressive disorder and adjustment disorder in cancer patients – a preliminary PET study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(7), 591-599.
Larimer, M., Palmer, R. i Marlatt, A. (1999). Relapse prevention. Alcohol Research & Health, 23(2), 151-160.
Lataster, T., Valmaggia, L., Lardinois, M., van Os, J. i Myin-Germeys, I. (2013). Increased stress reactivity: A mechanism specially associated with the positive symptoms of psychotic disor-der. Psychological Medicine, 43(7), 1389-1400.
Lazarus, R. S. i Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Manne, S., Ostroff, J., Winkel, G., Goldstein, L., Fox, K. i Grana, G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth after breast cancer: Patient, partner, and couple perspectives. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(3), 442-454.
Marteinsdottir, I., Svensson, A., Svedberg, M., Anderberg, U. M. i von Knorring, L. (2007). The role of life events in social phobia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61(3), 207-212.
Masten, A. S. (2009). Ordinary magic: Lessons from research on resilience in human development. Education Canada, 49, 28-32.
McCauley, J., Kern, D. E., Kolodner, K., Dill, L., Schroeder, A. F., i DeChant, H. K. (1995). The „battering syndrome”: Prevalence and clinical characteristics of domestic violence in primary care internal medicine practices. Annals of International Medicine, 123(10), 737-746.
Melchior, M., Caspi, A., Milne, B. J., Danese, A., Poulton, R. i Moffitt, T. E. (2007). Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1119-1129.
Mitchell, P. B., Parker, G. B., Gladstone, G. L., Wilhelm, K. i Austin, M. P. V. (2003). Severity of stressful life events in first and subsequent episodes of depression: The relevance of depressive subtype. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73(3), 245-252.
Miti, G. i Chiaia, C. (2003). Patterns of attachment and the etiology of dissociative disorders and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(2), 19-35.
Morin, C. M., Rodrigue, S. i Ivers, H. (2003). Role of stress, arousal, and coping skills in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(2), 259-267.
Moskowitz, J. T., Folkman, S., Collette, L. M. A. i Vittinghoff, E. (1996). Coping and mood during AIDS-related caregiving and bereavement. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18(1), 49-57.
Neziroglu, F., Khemlani-Patel, S. i Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (2006). Rates of abuse in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Body Image, 3(2), 189-193.
Nietzel, M. T., Russell, R. L., Hemmings, K. A. i Gretter, M. L. (1987). Clinical significance of psychotherapy for unipolar depression: A meta-analytic approach to social comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(2), 156-161.
Nijenhuis, E. R., Spinhoven, P., van Dyck, R., van der Hart, O. i Vanderlinden, J. (1998). Degree of somatoform and psychological dissociation in dissociative disorder is correlated with reported trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 711-730.
Owens, G. P., Dashevsky, B., Dashevsky, K. M., Mohamed, S., Haji, U., Heppner, P. S. i Baker, D. G. (2009). The relationship between childhood trauma, combat exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder in male veterans. Military Psychology, 20(1), 114-125.
Oxman, T. E., Hegel, M. T., Hull, J. G. i Dietrich, A. J. (2008). Problem-solving treatment and coping styles in primary care for minor depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(6), 933-943.
Prati, G. i Pietrantoni, L. (2009) Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress and Coping, 14(5), 364-388.
Rakowska, J. M. (2000). Terapia krótkoterminowa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Roelofs, K., Spinhoven, P., Sandijck, P., Moene, F. C. i Hoogduin, K. A. (2005). The impact of early trauma and recent life-events on symptom severity in patients with conversion disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(8), 508-514.
Siegrist, J. (2008). Chronic psychosocial stress at work and risk of depression: Evidence from prospective studies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 258(5), 115-119.
Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C. L., Bishop, M., Collins, C. A., Kirk, S. B., Sworowski, L. A. i Twillman, R. (2000). Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 875-882.
Stemberger, R. T., Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C. i Calhoun, K. S. (1995). Social phobia: An analysis of possible developmental factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 526-531.
Suls, J. i Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4(3), 249-288.
Tedeschi, R. i Calhoun, L. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
Terry, D. J. i Hynes, G. J. (1998). Adjustment to a low-control situation: Reexamining the role of coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 1078-1092.
Waldenström, K., Ahlberg, G., Bergman, P., Forsell, Y., Stoetzer, U., Waldenström, M. i Lundberg, I. (2008). Externally assessed psychosocial work characteristics and diagnoses of anxiety and depression. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 65(2), 90-96.
Weiner, H. (1991). Behavioral biology of stress and psychosomatic medicine. W: M. R. Brown, G. F. Koob i C. Rivier (red.), Stress. Neurobiology and neuroendocrinology (s. 23-51). New York: Marcel Dekker.
Zuroff, D. C., Blatt, S. J., Krupnick, J. L. i Sotsky, S. M. (2003). When brief treatment is over: Enhanced adaptive capacities and stress reactivity after termination. Psychotherapy Research, 13(1), 99-115.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Wyd. 5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bennett, P. (2003). Abnormal and clinical psychology. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Forneris, C. A., Taylor, A. E., Buckley, T. C., Loos, W. R. i Jaccard, J. (1997). Prediction of remission of acute posttraumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(2), 215-234.
Brunwasser, S. M., Gillham, J. E. i Kim, E. S. (2009). A meta-analytic review of the Penn Resiliency Program’s effect on depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(6), 1042-1054.
Buhlmann, U., Marques, L. M. i Wilhelm, S. (2012). Traumatic experiences in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(1), 95-98.
Cheng, C., Kogan, A. i Chio, J. H. M. (2012). The effectiveness of a new, coping flexibility intervention as compared with a cognitive-behavioral intervention in managing work stress. Work & Stress, 26(3), 272-288.
Classen, C., Koopman, C., Hales, R. i Spiegel, D. (1998). Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(5), 620-624.
Collins, D. L., Baum, A. i Singer, J. E. (1983). Coping with chronic stress at Three Mile Island: Psychological and biochemical evidence. Health Psychology, 2(2), 149-166.
Cuijpers, P. i Smith, F. (2008). Sublicinical depression: A clinically relevant condition? Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 50(8), 519-528.
Didie, E. R., Tortolani, C. C., Pope, C. G., Menard, W., Fay, C. i Phillips, K. A. (2006). Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(10), 1105-1115.
Dimeff, L. A. i Marlatt, G. A. (1995). Relapse prevention. W: R. K. Hester i W. R. Miller (red.), Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches (wyd. 2, s. 176-194). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science & Medicine, 45(8), 1207-1221.
Gerber, M. M., Boals, A. i Schuettler, D. (2011). The unique contributions of positive and negative religious coping to posttraumatic growth and PTSD. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(4), 298-307.
Hall, M., Buysse, D. J., Nowell, P. D., Nofzinger, E. A., Houck, P., Reynolds, C. F. i Kupfer, D. J. (2000). Symptoms of stress and depression as correlates of sleep in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 227-230.
Healey, E. S., Kales, A., Monroe, L. J., Bixler, E. O., Chamberlin, K. i Soldatos, C. R. (1981). Onset of insomnia: Role of life-stress events. Psychosomatic Medicine, 43(5), 439-451.
Imbierowicz, K. i Egle, U. T. (2003). Childhood adversities in patients with fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorder. European Journal of Pain, 7(2), 113-119.
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M. i Prescott, C. A. (1999). Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(6), 837-841.
Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., MacLean, C., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C. i Eaves, L. J. (1995). Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(6), 833-842.
Kotby, M. N., Baraka, M., El Sady, S. R., Ghanem, M. i Shoeib, R. (2003). Psychogenic stress as a possible etiological factor in non-organic dysphonia. International Congress Series, 1240, 1251-1256.
Kumano, H., Ida, I., Oshima, A., Takahashi, K., Yuuki, N., Amanuma, M., Oriuchi, N., Endo, K., Matsuda, H. i Mikuni, M. (2007). Brain metabolic changes associated with predispotion to onset of major depressive disorder and adjustment disorder in cancer patients – a preliminary PET study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(7), 591-599.
Larimer, M., Palmer, R. i Marlatt, A. (1999). Relapse prevention. Alcohol Research & Health, 23(2), 151-160.
Lataster, T., Valmaggia, L., Lardinois, M., van Os, J. i Myin-Germeys, I. (2013). Increased stress reactivity: A mechanism specially associated with the positive symptoms of psychotic disor-der. Psychological Medicine, 43(7), 1389-1400.
Lazarus, R. S. i Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Manne, S., Ostroff, J., Winkel, G., Goldstein, L., Fox, K. i Grana, G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth after breast cancer: Patient, partner, and couple perspectives. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(3), 442-454.
Marteinsdottir, I., Svensson, A., Svedberg, M., Anderberg, U. M. i von Knorring, L. (2007). The role of life events in social phobia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61(3), 207-212.
Masten, A. S. (2009). Ordinary magic: Lessons from research on resilience in human development. Education Canada, 49, 28-32.
McCauley, J., Kern, D. E., Kolodner, K., Dill, L., Schroeder, A. F., i DeChant, H. K. (1995). The „battering syndrome”: Prevalence and clinical characteristics of domestic violence in primary care internal medicine practices. Annals of International Medicine, 123(10), 737-746.
Melchior, M., Caspi, A., Milne, B. J., Danese, A., Poulton, R. i Moffitt, T. E. (2007). Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1119-1129.
Mitchell, P. B., Parker, G. B., Gladstone, G. L., Wilhelm, K. i Austin, M. P. V. (2003). Severity of stressful life events in first and subsequent episodes of depression: The relevance of depressive subtype. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73(3), 245-252.
Miti, G. i Chiaia, C. (2003). Patterns of attachment and the etiology of dissociative disorders and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(2), 19-35.
Morin, C. M., Rodrigue, S. i Ivers, H. (2003). Role of stress, arousal, and coping skills in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(2), 259-267.
Moskowitz, J. T., Folkman, S., Collette, L. M. A. i Vittinghoff, E. (1996). Coping and mood during AIDS-related caregiving and bereavement. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18(1), 49-57.
Neziroglu, F., Khemlani-Patel, S. i Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (2006). Rates of abuse in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Body Image, 3(2), 189-193.
Nietzel, M. T., Russell, R. L., Hemmings, K. A. i Gretter, M. L. (1987). Clinical significance of psychotherapy for unipolar depression: A meta-analytic approach to social comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(2), 156-161.
Nijenhuis, E. R., Spinhoven, P., van Dyck, R., van der Hart, O. i Vanderlinden, J. (1998). Degree of somatoform and psychological dissociation in dissociative disorder is correlated with reported trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 711-730.
Owens, G. P., Dashevsky, B., Dashevsky, K. M., Mohamed, S., Haji, U., Heppner, P. S. i Baker, D. G. (2009). The relationship between childhood trauma, combat exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder in male veterans. Military Psychology, 20(1), 114-125.
Oxman, T. E., Hegel, M. T., Hull, J. G. i Dietrich, A. J. (2008). Problem-solving treatment and coping styles in primary care for minor depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(6), 933-943.
Prati, G. i Pietrantoni, L. (2009) Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress and Coping, 14(5), 364-388.
Rakowska, J. M. (2000). Terapia krótkoterminowa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Roelofs, K., Spinhoven, P., Sandijck, P., Moene, F. C. i Hoogduin, K. A. (2005). The impact of early trauma and recent life-events on symptom severity in patients with conversion disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(8), 508-514.
Siegrist, J. (2008). Chronic psychosocial stress at work and risk of depression: Evidence from prospective studies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 258(5), 115-119.
Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C. L., Bishop, M., Collins, C. A., Kirk, S. B., Sworowski, L. A. i Twillman, R. (2000). Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 875-882.
Stemberger, R. T., Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C. i Calhoun, K. S. (1995). Social phobia: An analysis of possible developmental factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 526-531.
Suls, J. i Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4(3), 249-288.
Tedeschi, R. i Calhoun, L. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18.
Terry, D. J. i Hynes, G. J. (1998). Adjustment to a low-control situation: Reexamining the role of coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 1078-1092.
Waldenström, K., Ahlberg, G., Bergman, P., Forsell, Y., Stoetzer, U., Waldenström, M. i Lundberg, I. (2008). Externally assessed psychosocial work characteristics and diagnoses of anxiety and depression. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 65(2), 90-96.
Weiner, H. (1991). Behavioral biology of stress and psychosomatic medicine. W: M. R. Brown, G. F. Koob i C. Rivier (red.), Stress. Neurobiology and neuroendocrinology (s. 23-51). New York: Marcel Dekker.
Zuroff, D. C., Blatt, S. J., Krupnick, J. L. i Sotsky, S. M. (2003). When brief treatment is over: Enhanced adaptive capacities and stress reactivity after termination. Psychotherapy Research, 13(1), 99-115.
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