Validation of the Polish adaptation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Keywords:
mindfulness; psychometric properties; Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Abstract
In this research study the Polish adaptation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006) was developed based on strong results of empirical research. A model of mindfulness was presented in which five factors (Acting With Attention, Nonreactivity, Nonjudging, Observing, and Describing) are cited as essential in facilitating health and well-being. In this study the English version of 39-item FFMQ was used to develop the Polish adaptation. The psychometric properties of the Polish FFMQ were assessed in a sample of 800 people (200 artistically gifted young people aged 15-19 years and 600 adults aged 20-50 years) through a validation procedure (reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and analysis of correlations with other tests measuring psychological variables such as neuroticism, emotional stability, rumination, openness to experience, extraversion, and reflection). The results confirmed the reliability of the test (Cronbach’s α = .73-.86), except in the case of the Nonreactivity scale (α = 0,65-0,66) as well as the validity (4-factor hierarchical model without the Observing scale) of the Polish FFMQ for nonclinical populations aged 15-50 years. Replications in meditating samples and in patients are needed.
References
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Capurso, V., Fabbro, F., & Crescentini, C. (2014). Mindful creativity: The influence of mindfulness meditation on creative thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1020. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01020.
Carter, J. A. (2010). Worry and rumination: Measurement invariance across gender (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Utah State University.
Cebolla, A., García-Palacios, A., Soler, J., Guillen, V., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 118-126.
Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Mead, S., Lilley, B., & Dagnan, D. (2005). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Mindfulness Questionnaire. As cited in R. A. Baer, G. T. Smith, & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 206-216.
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine, 15, 593-600.
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2010). A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 40, 1239-1252.
Colzato, L. S., Ozturk, A., & Hommel, B. (2012). Meditate to create: The impact of focusedattention and open-monitoring training on convergent and divergent thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 116. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116.
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Das, N., & Gastaut, H. (1955). Variations in the electrical activity of the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles during yogic meditation and trance. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 6, 211-219.
Davidson, R. J. (2010). Empirical explorations of mindfulness: Conceptual and methodological conundrums. Emotions, 10(1), 8-11.
Didonna, F. (Ed.) (2009). Clinical handbook of mindfulness. New York: Springer.
Dundas, I. Vøllestad, J., Binder, P., & Sivertsen, B. (2013). The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(3), 250-260.
Fajkowska, M., & Derryberry, D. (2010). Psychometric properties of Attentional Control Scale: The preliminary study on a Polish sample. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 41(1), 1-7.
Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1002-1011.
Feldman, G. C., Hayes, A. M., Kumar, S. M., & Greeson, J. M. (2003). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness: Relations with emotional avoidance, over-engagement, and change with mindfulness training. Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy: Boston, MA.
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Glomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., Bono, J. E., & Yang, T. (2011). Mindfulness at work. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 30, 115-157.
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S. S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Resources, 57, 35-43.
Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2005). Contribution from neurophysiological and psychological methods to the study of motor imagery. Brain Resources Review, 50, 387-397.
Gunuratana, B. H. (2002). Mindfulness in plain English. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Heeren, A., Douilliez, C., Peschard, V., Debrauwere, L., & Philippot, P. (2011). Cross-cultural validity of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire: Adaptation and validation in a French-speaking sample. Revue européenne de psychologie appliquée, 61, 147-151.
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183.
Holas, P., & Jankowski, T. (2013). A cognitive perspective on mindfulness. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 232-244
Holzel, B. K., Ott, U., Gard, T., Hempel, H., Weygandt, M., Morgen, K., Vaitl, D. (2008). Investigation of mindfulness meditation practitioners with voxel-based morphometry. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3, 55-61.
Hou, J., Wong, S. Y-S., Lo, H. H-L., Mak, W. W-S., & Ma, H. S-W. (2013). Validation of a Chinese version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Hong Kong and development of a short form. Assessment, 21(3), 363-371, doi:10.1177/1073191113485121.
Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8, 720-724.
Jankowski, T. (2008). Integrująca rola uważności w kształtowaniu struktury koncepcji siebie. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 51(4), 443-464.
Jankowski, T., & Holas, P. (2009). Poznawcze mechanizmy uważności i jej zastosowanie w psychoterapii. Studia Psychologiczne, 4, 49-59.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom books of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Delta Books.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion Books.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8(2), 73-107.
Kapleau, P. (1965). The three pillars of Zen: Teaching, practice and enlightenment. Boston: Bacon.
Kearney, D. J., McDermott, K., Martinez, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2011). Association of participation in a mindfulness programme with bowel symptoms, gastrointestinal symptom-specific anxiety and quality of life. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 34(3), 363-373.
Kolańczyk, A., & Mikołajczyk, P. (2011). Uwaga postmedytacyjna osób doświadczonych w medytowaniu. Studia Psychologiczne, 49(3), 57-73.
Krasner, M. S., Epstein, R. M., Beckman, H., Suchman, A. L., Chapman, B., Mooney, C. J., & Quill, T. E. (2009). Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. JAMA, 302(12):1284-1293, doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1384.
Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T. Fischl, B. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16(17), 1893-1897.
Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the Neuroscience of Consciousness. W: P. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lutz, S. J., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 163-169.
Lynch, T. R., Chapman, A. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Kuo, J. R., & Linehan, M. M. (2006). Mechanisms of change in Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Theoretical and empirical observations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 459-480.
Munzert, J., Lorey, B., & Zentgraf, K. (2009). Cognitive motor processes: The role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations. Brain Resources Review, 60, 306-326.
Offenbächer, M., Sauer, S., Hieblinger, R., Hufford, D. J., Walach, H., & Kohls, N. (2011). Spirituality and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Content comparison of questionnaires measuring mindfulness based on the International Classification of Functioning. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(25-26), 2434-2445.
Rahula, W. (1959). What the Buddha taught. New York: Grove Press.
Radoń, S. (2010). Twórczość a przeżycia mistyczne młodzieży o uzdolnieniach artystycznych. Studia Psychologica, 10, 203-224.
Radoń, S. (2013). Uważność jako ponadkulturowe wyzwanie dla polskiej edukacji. In N. Majchrzak & A. Zduniak (Eds.), Edukacja międzykulturowa w warunkach kultury globalnej. Od rozważań definicyjnych do praktycznych zastosowań (pp. 109-117). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Bezpieczeństwa.
Radoń, S. (2014). Kwestionariusz Ruminacji-Refleksyjności (polska adaptacja The Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire). Psychoterapia, 2(169), 61-72.
Rosch, E. (1998). Is Wisdom in the brain? Psychological Science, 10, 222-224.
Scharmer, O. (2009). Theory U: Leading from the future as it emerges. California: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Siegel, D. (2007). Mindfulness training and neural integration: Differentiation of distinct streams of awareness and the cultivation of well-being. SCAN, 2(4), 259-263.
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373-386.
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