The internal structure of the Polish adaptation of the Religious Comfort and Strain Scale
Keywords:
religious comfort; religious struggle; measure of religiosity
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present the theoretical background and internal structure of the Polish adaptation of the Religious Comfort and Strain Scale (RCSS) by Yali, Exline, Wood, and Worthington. Exploratory Factor Analysis showed that the Polish adaptation of RCSS has four factors: it consists of a one-dimensional Religious Comfort subscale and three subscales regarding religious strain: (1) Negative emotions toward God, (2) Fear-Guilt and (3) Negative social interactions surrounding religion. The scale’s reliability and construct validity are satisfactory. Although further research is needed, it may be assumed that this tool can be used successfully in research on the functional aspects of religion.
References
Acklin, M., Brown, E., & Mauger, P. (1983). The role of religious values in coping with cancer. Journal of Religion and Health, 22(4), 322-333.
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443.
Benson, P. L., & Spilka, B. (1973). God image as a function of self-esteem and locus of control. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 297-310.
Bergin, A., Masters, K., & Richards, P. (1987). Religiousness and mental health reconsidered: A study of an Intrinsically Religious Sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 197-204.
Coe, J. H. (2000). Musings on the dark night of the soul: Insights from St. John of the Cross on a developmental spirituality. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28, 293-307.
Drwal, R. Ł. (1995). Adaptacja kwestionariuszy osobowości. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Elliott, M., & Hayward, R. D. (2007). Religion and the search for meaning in life. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 53, 80-93.
Ellison, C. (1991). Religious involvement and subjective well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32(1), 80-99.
Exline, J. J. (2002). Stumbling blocks on the religious road: Fractured relationships, nagging vices, and the inner struggle to believe. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 182-189.
Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. (2005). Religious and spiritual struggles. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion (pp. 315-330). New York: Guilford.
Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., & Sanderson, W. C. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1481-1496.
Fitchett, G., Rybarczyk, B. D., DeMarco, G. A., & Nicholas, J. J. (1999). The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44, 1-22.
Hambleton, R. K. (2001). The next generation of the ITC test translation and adaptation guidelines. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 164-172.
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004) Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191-205.
Hunsberger, B., McKenzie, B., Pratt, M., & Prancer, S. M. (1993). Religious doubt: A social psychological analysis. Research in the Scientific Study of Religion, 5, 27-51.
Hunsberger, B., Pratt, M., & Prancer, S. M. (2002). A longitudinal study of religious doubts in high school and beyond: Relationships, stability, and searching for answers. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 255-266.
Idler, E. L., Musick, M. A., Ellison, C. G., George, L. K., Krause, N., Ory, M. G., Pargament, K. I., Powell, L. H., Underwood, L. G., & Williams, D. R. (2003). Measuring multiple dimensions of religion and spirituality for health research: Conceptual background and findings from the 1998 general social survey. Research on Aging, 25, 327-365.
Jonas, E., & Fischer, P. (2006). Terror management and religion: Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 553-567.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2004). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Koenig, H. G. (1997). Is religion good for your health? The effects of religion on physical and mental health. New York: Haworth Press.
Koenig, H. G., Kvale, J., & Ferrel, C. (1988). Religion and well-being in later life. Gerontologist, 28, 18-28.
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Kooistra, W., & Pargament, K. I. (1999). Religious doubting in parochial school adolescents. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 27, 33-42.
Krause, N., Chatters, L. M., Meltzer, T., & Morgan, D. L. (2000). Negative interaction in the church: Insights from focus groups with older adults. Review of Religious Research, 41, 510-533.
Krause, N., Ellison, C. G., & Wulff, K. M. (1998). Church-based support, negative interaction and psychological well-being: Findings from a national sample of Presbyterians. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 725-741.
Krause, N., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Ellison, C. G., & Wulff, K. M. (1999). Aging, religious doubt, and psychological well-being. The Gerontologist, 39, 525-533.
Manne, S. L., Taylor, K. L., Dougherty, J., & Kemeny, N. (1997). Supportive and negative responses in the partner relationship: Their association with psychological adjustment among individuals with cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 101-125.
Mueller, P., Plevak, D., & Rummans, T. (2001). Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: implications for clinical practice. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Mayo Clinic, 76(12), 1225-1235.
Nielsen, M. E. (1998). An assessment of religious conflicts and their resolutions. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 181-190.
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 519-543.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakershwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1881-1885.
Pargament, K. I., Murray-Swank, N., Magyar, G. M., & Ano, G. G. (2004). Spiritual struggle: A phenomenon of interest to psychology and religion. In W. R. Miller & H. Delaney (Eds.), Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change (pp. 245-268). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Pargament, K. I., Zinnbauer, B. J., Scott, A. B., Butter, E. M., Zerowin, J., & Stanik, P. (1998). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 77-89.
Park, C. L. (2005). Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 1540-4560.
Rook, K. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097-1108.
Ryan, R., Rigby, S., & King, K. (1993). Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientation and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 586-589.
Saraglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 15-25.
Schumacher, J., Wilz, G., Gunzelmann, T., & Brähler, E. (2000). The Antonovsky‘s Sense of Coherence Scale. Test statistical evaluation of a representative population sample and construction of a brief scale. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 50(12), 472-482.
Schuster, T., Kessler, R., & Aseltine, R. (1990). Supportive interactions, negative interactions, and depressed mood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 423-438.
Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s Alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107-120.
Streib, H., Hood, R. W., Keller, B., Csöff, R.-M., & Silver, C. F. (2009). Deconversion: Qualitative and quantitative results from cross-cultural research in Germany and the United States of America. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
Tagay, S., Erim, Y., Brähler, E., & Senf, W. (2006). Religiosity and SOC – protective factors of mental health and well-being? Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie, 15, 165-171.
Virkler, H. A. (1999). Allaying fears about the unpardonable sin. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 18, 254-269.
Watson, P., Morris, R., & Hood, R. (1994). Religion and rationality: I. Rational-emotive and religious understandings of perfectionism and other irrationalities. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 13, 356-372.
Zwingmann, C. (1991). Religiosität und Lebenszufriedenheit: Empirische Untersuchungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der religiösen Orientierung [Religiosity and satisfaction with life: Empirical studies considering religious orientation]. Regensburg: S. Roderer.
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 432-443.
Benson, P. L., & Spilka, B. (1973). God image as a function of self-esteem and locus of control. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 297-310.
Bergin, A., Masters, K., & Richards, P. (1987). Religiousness and mental health reconsidered: A study of an Intrinsically Religious Sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 197-204.
Coe, J. H. (2000). Musings on the dark night of the soul: Insights from St. John of the Cross on a developmental spirituality. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28, 293-307.
Drwal, R. Ł. (1995). Adaptacja kwestionariuszy osobowości. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Elliott, M., & Hayward, R. D. (2007). Religion and the search for meaning in life. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 53, 80-93.
Ellison, C. (1991). Religious involvement and subjective well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32(1), 80-99.
Exline, J. J. (2002). Stumbling blocks on the religious road: Fractured relationships, nagging vices, and the inner struggle to believe. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 182-189.
Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. (2005). Religious and spiritual struggles. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion (pp. 315-330). New York: Guilford.
Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., & Sanderson, W. C. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1481-1496.
Fitchett, G., Rybarczyk, B. D., DeMarco, G. A., & Nicholas, J. J. (1999). The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44, 1-22.
Hambleton, R. K. (2001). The next generation of the ITC test translation and adaptation guidelines. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 164-172.
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004) Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191-205.
Hunsberger, B., McKenzie, B., Pratt, M., & Prancer, S. M. (1993). Religious doubt: A social psychological analysis. Research in the Scientific Study of Religion, 5, 27-51.
Hunsberger, B., Pratt, M., & Prancer, S. M. (2002). A longitudinal study of religious doubts in high school and beyond: Relationships, stability, and searching for answers. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 255-266.
Idler, E. L., Musick, M. A., Ellison, C. G., George, L. K., Krause, N., Ory, M. G., Pargament, K. I., Powell, L. H., Underwood, L. G., & Williams, D. R. (2003). Measuring multiple dimensions of religion and spirituality for health research: Conceptual background and findings from the 1998 general social survey. Research on Aging, 25, 327-365.
Jonas, E., & Fischer, P. (2006). Terror management and religion: Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 553-567.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2004). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Koenig, H. G. (1997). Is religion good for your health? The effects of religion on physical and mental health. New York: Haworth Press.
Koenig, H. G., Kvale, J., & Ferrel, C. (1988). Religion and well-being in later life. Gerontologist, 28, 18-28.
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Kooistra, W., & Pargament, K. I. (1999). Religious doubting in parochial school adolescents. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 27, 33-42.
Krause, N., Chatters, L. M., Meltzer, T., & Morgan, D. L. (2000). Negative interaction in the church: Insights from focus groups with older adults. Review of Religious Research, 41, 510-533.
Krause, N., Ellison, C. G., & Wulff, K. M. (1998). Church-based support, negative interaction and psychological well-being: Findings from a national sample of Presbyterians. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 725-741.
Krause, N., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Ellison, C. G., & Wulff, K. M. (1999). Aging, religious doubt, and psychological well-being. The Gerontologist, 39, 525-533.
Manne, S. L., Taylor, K. L., Dougherty, J., & Kemeny, N. (1997). Supportive and negative responses in the partner relationship: Their association with psychological adjustment among individuals with cancer. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 101-125.
Mueller, P., Plevak, D., & Rummans, T. (2001). Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: implications for clinical practice. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Mayo Clinic, 76(12), 1225-1235.
Nielsen, M. E. (1998). An assessment of religious conflicts and their resolutions. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 181-190.
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 519-543.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakershwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1881-1885.
Pargament, K. I., Murray-Swank, N., Magyar, G. M., & Ano, G. G. (2004). Spiritual struggle: A phenomenon of interest to psychology and religion. In W. R. Miller & H. Delaney (Eds.), Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change (pp. 245-268). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Pargament, K. I., Zinnbauer, B. J., Scott, A. B., Butter, E. M., Zerowin, J., & Stanik, P. (1998). Red flags and religious coping: Identifying some religious warning signs among people in crisis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 77-89.
Park, C. L. (2005). Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 1540-4560.
Rook, K. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1097-1108.
Ryan, R., Rigby, S., & King, K. (1993). Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientation and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 586-589.
Saraglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 15-25.
Schumacher, J., Wilz, G., Gunzelmann, T., & Brähler, E. (2000). The Antonovsky‘s Sense of Coherence Scale. Test statistical evaluation of a representative population sample and construction of a brief scale. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 50(12), 472-482.
Schuster, T., Kessler, R., & Aseltine, R. (1990). Supportive interactions, negative interactions, and depressed mood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 423-438.
Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s Alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107-120.
Streib, H., Hood, R. W., Keller, B., Csöff, R.-M., & Silver, C. F. (2009). Deconversion: Qualitative and quantitative results from cross-cultural research in Germany and the United States of America. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
Tagay, S., Erim, Y., Brähler, E., & Senf, W. (2006). Religiosity and SOC – protective factors of mental health and well-being? Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie, 15, 165-171.
Virkler, H. A. (1999). Allaying fears about the unpardonable sin. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 18, 254-269.
Watson, P., Morris, R., & Hood, R. (1994). Religion and rationality: I. Rational-emotive and religious understandings of perfectionism and other irrationalities. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 13, 356-372.
Zwingmann, C. (1991). Religiosität und Lebenszufriedenheit: Empirische Untersuchungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der religiösen Orientierung [Religiosity and satisfaction with life: Empirical studies considering religious orientation]. Regensburg: S. Roderer.
Published
2019-04-05
Issue
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2014 Roczniki Psychologiczne
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
