The internal structure of the Polish adaptation of the Post-critical Belief Scale
Keywords:
post-critical belief; religiosity; religious beliefs
Abstract
Hutsebaut and his colleagues (1996, 2000; Fontaine et al., 2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale (PCBS) in order to measure the two dimensions along which Wulff (1991) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic Interpretation. In the present article, the internal structure of the Polish version of the scale is analyzed. The results obtained in ten Polish samples (N = 1775) suggest that the internal structure of the Polish version partially reflects the assumed theoretical structure of PCBS. Furthermore, the results of principal component analysis and reliability analysis are presented in the article.
References
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Brzeziński, J. (1996). Metodologia badań psychologicznych. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Desimpelaere, P., Sulas, F., Duriez, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (1999). Psycho-epistemological styles and religious beliefs. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(2), 125.
Drwal, R. Ł. (1990). Problemy kulturowej adaptacji kwestionariuszy osobowości. In A. Ciechanowicz (Ed.), Kulturowa adaptacja testów (pp. 115-138). Warsaw: Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association (PTP), Faculty of Psychology (Univertsity of Warsaw), the Bohdan Zawadzki Laboratory of Diagnostic Techniques.
Duriez, B. (2003). Vivisecting the religious mind: Religiosity and motivated social cognition. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 6(1), 79-86.
Duriez, B. (2004). Are religious people nicer people? Taking a closer look at the religion–empathy relationship. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 7(3), 249-254.
Duriez, B., Appel, C., & Hutsebaut, D. (2003). The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and external validity. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 34(4), 219-226.
Duriez, B., Dezutter, J., Neyrinck, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2007). An introduction to the Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal structure and external relationships. Psyche & Logos, 28(2), 767-793.
Duriez, B., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Hutsebaut, D. (2000). A further elaboration of the Post-Critical Belief Scale: Evidence for the existence of four different approaches to religion in Flanders-Belgium. Psychologica Belgica, 40, 153-181.
Duriez, B., Soenens, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2005). Introducing the shortened Post-Critical Belief Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 851-857.
Fontaine, J. R. J., Duriez, B., Luyten, P., & Hutsebaut, H. (2003). The internal structure of the Post-Critical Belief Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 501-518.
Gower, J. C., & Dijksterhuis, G. B. (2004). Procrustes problems. New York: Oxford University Press.
Harrell, F. E. Jr. [with contributions from Charles Dupont and many others] (2012). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R package version 3.10-1, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc (21.03.2014).
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Hutsebaut, D. (1996). Post-critical belief. A new approach to the religious attitude problem. Journal of Empirical Theology, 9, 48-66.
Hutsebaut, D. (1997a). Identity statuses, ego-integration, God representation and religious cognitive styles. Journal of Empirical Theology, 10(1), 39-54.
Hutsebaut, D. (1997b). Structure of religious attitude in function of socialization pattern. Paper presented at the 6th European Symposium for Psychologists of Religion, Barcelona, August 24-28, 1997.
Hutsebaut, D. (2000). Post-Critical Belief Scale. Exploration of a possible developmental process. Journal of Empirical Theology, 13(2), 19-28.
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & ten Berge, J. F. M. (2006). Tucker’s congruence coefficient as a meaningful index of factor similarity. Methodology, 2, 57-64.
Martos, T., Kézdy, A., Robu, M., Urbán, S., & Horváth-Szabó, K. (2009). Újabb adatok a kritika utáni vallásosság Skála alkalmazásához e elmélet és módszertan. [New data, theory and practice for the application of the post-critical belief scale]. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, 64(4), 643-669.
Moghanloo, M., Aguilar-Vafaie, M., & Shahraray, M. (2010). The relationship between identity styles and religiosity in students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 15(4), 377-387.
Muñoz-García, A., & Saroglou, V. (2008). Believing literally versus symbolically: Values and personality correlates among Spanish students. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 29, 233-241.
Neyrinck, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Duriez, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2006). Cognitive, affective and behavioral correlates of internalization of regulations for religious activities. Motivation & Emotion, 30(4), 321-332.
Preżyna, W. (1968). Skala Postaw Religijnych. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 16(4), 75-89.
R Core Team (2012). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http://www.R-project.org/.
Ricoeur, P. (2004). The conflict of interpretations. London: Continuum.
Schönemann, P. H. (1966). A generalized solution of the orthogonal Procrustes problem. Psychometrika, 31(1), 1-10.
Szymołon, J. (2005). Religijność postkrytyczna jako nowa kategoria w psychologii religii – a paper presented at the 6th Polish Academic Conference: Secularization as a Challenge to Religion and Church: Myth or Reality? Poznań: November 23-25, 2005.
Śliwak, J. (2005). Religijne style poznawcze a postawy wobec śmierci. In J. Makselon (Ed.), Człowiek wobec śmierci. Aspekty psychologiczno-pastoralne (pp. 317-336). Cracow: Wydawnictwo PAT.
Śliwak, J., & Zarzycka, B. (2010). Wybrane korelaty przekonań postkrytycznych. Analecta Cracoviensia, 42, 67-85.
Śliwak, J., & Zarzycka, B. (2011). Postkritische Religiosität – Theorie und empirische Befunde. Wege zum Menschen, 63(1), 52-68.
Śliwak, J., & Zarzycka, B. (2012). The interplay between post-critical beliefs and anxiety: An exploratory study in a Polish sample. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(2), 419-430.
Śliwak, J., & Zarzycka, B. (2013). Is it possible to discriminate the value patterns of Wulff`s approaches to religion in a Polish sample? Psychologica Belgica, 53(2), 33-49.
Wieczorkowska, G., & Król, G. (2006). Odtwarzanie mapy poznawczej za pomocą skalowania wielowymiarowego. In J. Brzeziński (Ed.), Metodologia badań psychologicznych. Wybór testów (pp. 417-441). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Wulff, D. M. (1991). Psychology of religion: Classic and contemporary views. New York: Wiley.
Zarzycka, B. (2009). Tradition or charisma – Religiosity in Poland. In: What the World Believes: Analysis and Commentary on the Religion Monitor 2008 (pp. 201-222). Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
Zarzycka, B. (submitted for publication). Przekonania post-krytyczne a emocje względem Boga. Eksploracyjne badania w próbie polskiej. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne.
Zarzycka, B., & Rydz, E. (2009). Poczucie koherencji a style poznania religijnego u młodzieży. In H. Gasiul & E. Wrocławska-Warchala (Eds.), Osobowość i religia (pp. 357-369). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo UKSW.
Zarzycka, B., & Rydz, E. (2013). Explaining the relationship between Post-critical Beliefs and Sense of Coherence in Polish young, middle and late adults. Journal of Religion and Health, DOI 10.1007/S10943-013-9680-7.
Bartczuk, R. P., Wiechetek, M., & Zarzycka, B. (2011). Skala Przekonań Postkrytycznych D. Hutsebauta. In M. Jarosz (Ed.), Psychologiczny pomiar religijności (pp. 201-229). Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL.
Biela, A. (1992). Skalowanie wielowymiarowe jako metoda badań naukowych. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL.
Brzeziński, J. (1996). Metodologia badań psychologicznych. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Desimpelaere, P., Sulas, F., Duriez, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (1999). Psycho-epistemological styles and religious beliefs. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(2), 125.
Drwal, R. Ł. (1990). Problemy kulturowej adaptacji kwestionariuszy osobowości. In A. Ciechanowicz (Ed.), Kulturowa adaptacja testów (pp. 115-138). Warsaw: Psychological Test Laboratory of the Polish Psychological Association (PTP), Faculty of Psychology (Univertsity of Warsaw), the Bohdan Zawadzki Laboratory of Diagnostic Techniques.
Duriez, B. (2003). Vivisecting the religious mind: Religiosity and motivated social cognition. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 6(1), 79-86.
Duriez, B. (2004). Are religious people nicer people? Taking a closer look at the religion–empathy relationship. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 7(3), 249-254.
Duriez, B., Appel, C., & Hutsebaut, D. (2003). The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and external validity. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 34(4), 219-226.
Duriez, B., Dezutter, J., Neyrinck, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2007). An introduction to the Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal structure and external relationships. Psyche & Logos, 28(2), 767-793.
Duriez, B., Fontaine, J. R. J., & Hutsebaut, D. (2000). A further elaboration of the Post-Critical Belief Scale: Evidence for the existence of four different approaches to religion in Flanders-Belgium. Psychologica Belgica, 40, 153-181.
Duriez, B., Soenens, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2005). Introducing the shortened Post-Critical Belief Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 851-857.
Fontaine, J. R. J., Duriez, B., Luyten, P., & Hutsebaut, H. (2003). The internal structure of the Post-Critical Belief Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 501-518.
Gower, J. C., & Dijksterhuis, G. B. (2004). Procrustes problems. New York: Oxford University Press.
Harrell, F. E. Jr. [with contributions from Charles Dupont and many others] (2012). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R package version 3.10-1, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc (21.03.2014).
Hutsebaut, D. (1980). Belief as lived relations. Psycholgica Belgica, 20, 33-47.
Hutsebaut, D. (1996). Post-critical belief. A new approach to the religious attitude problem. Journal of Empirical Theology, 9, 48-66.
Hutsebaut, D. (1997a). Identity statuses, ego-integration, God representation and religious cognitive styles. Journal of Empirical Theology, 10(1), 39-54.
Hutsebaut, D. (1997b). Structure of religious attitude in function of socialization pattern. Paper presented at the 6th European Symposium for Psychologists of Religion, Barcelona, August 24-28, 1997.
Hutsebaut, D. (2000). Post-Critical Belief Scale. Exploration of a possible developmental process. Journal of Empirical Theology, 13(2), 19-28.
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & ten Berge, J. F. M. (2006). Tucker’s congruence coefficient as a meaningful index of factor similarity. Methodology, 2, 57-64.
Martos, T., Kézdy, A., Robu, M., Urbán, S., & Horváth-Szabó, K. (2009). Újabb adatok a kritika utáni vallásosság Skála alkalmazásához e elmélet és módszertan. [New data, theory and practice for the application of the post-critical belief scale]. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, 64(4), 643-669.
Moghanloo, M., Aguilar-Vafaie, M., & Shahraray, M. (2010). The relationship between identity styles and religiosity in students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 15(4), 377-387.
Muñoz-García, A., & Saroglou, V. (2008). Believing literally versus symbolically: Values and personality correlates among Spanish students. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 29, 233-241.
Neyrinck, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Duriez, B., & Hutsebaut, D. (2006). Cognitive, affective and behavioral correlates of internalization of regulations for religious activities. Motivation & Emotion, 30(4), 321-332.
Preżyna, W. (1968). Skala Postaw Religijnych. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 16(4), 75-89.
R Core Team (2012). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http://www.R-project.org/.
Ricoeur, P. (2004). The conflict of interpretations. London: Continuum.
Schönemann, P. H. (1966). A generalized solution of the orthogonal Procrustes problem. Psychometrika, 31(1), 1-10.
Szymołon, J. (2005). Religijność postkrytyczna jako nowa kategoria w psychologii religii – a paper presented at the 6th Polish Academic Conference: Secularization as a Challenge to Religion and Church: Myth or Reality? Poznań: November 23-25, 2005.
Śliwak, J. (2005). Religijne style poznawcze a postawy wobec śmierci. In J. Makselon (Ed.), Człowiek wobec śmierci. Aspekty psychologiczno-pastoralne (pp. 317-336). Cracow: Wydawnictwo PAT.
Śliwak, J., & Zarzycka, B. (2010). Wybrane korelaty przekonań postkrytycznych. Analecta Cracoviensia, 42, 67-85.
Śliwak, J., & Zarzycka, B. (2011). Postkritische Religiosität – Theorie und empirische Befunde. Wege zum Menschen, 63(1), 52-68.
Śliwak, J., & Zarzycka, B. (2012). The interplay between post-critical beliefs and anxiety: An exploratory study in a Polish sample. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(2), 419-430.
Śliwak, J., & Zarzycka, B. (2013). Is it possible to discriminate the value patterns of Wulff`s approaches to religion in a Polish sample? Psychologica Belgica, 53(2), 33-49.
Wieczorkowska, G., & Król, G. (2006). Odtwarzanie mapy poznawczej za pomocą skalowania wielowymiarowego. In J. Brzeziński (Ed.), Metodologia badań psychologicznych. Wybór testów (pp. 417-441). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Wulff, D. M. (1991). Psychology of religion: Classic and contemporary views. New York: Wiley.
Zarzycka, B. (2009). Tradition or charisma – Religiosity in Poland. In: What the World Believes: Analysis and Commentary on the Religion Monitor 2008 (pp. 201-222). Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
Zarzycka, B. (submitted for publication). Przekonania post-krytyczne a emocje względem Boga. Eksploracyjne badania w próbie polskiej. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne.
Zarzycka, B., & Rydz, E. (2009). Poczucie koherencji a style poznania religijnego u młodzieży. In H. Gasiul & E. Wrocławska-Warchala (Eds.), Osobowość i religia (pp. 357-369). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo UKSW.
Zarzycka, B., & Rydz, E. (2013). Explaining the relationship between Post-critical Beliefs and Sense of Coherence in Polish young, middle and late adults. Journal of Religion and Health, DOI 10.1007/S10943-013-9680-7.
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