Pathological gambling and its determinants
Keywords:
gambling; pathological gambling; risk factor
Abstract
Gambling is now a popular lawful activity among people around the world. Due to recent changes of legal regulations concerning gambling, access to gambling has become more widespread and, as a result, an increase in the prevalence of pathological gambling has been noted. Therefore, an urgent need for better understanding of the phenomenon of pathological gambling among health-care specialists becomes evident. In this field, such concepts as compulsive, pathological or problem gambling are often treated synonymously. Pathological gambling is a complex phenomenon. Traditionally, the definitions of gambling have been constructed basing on the assumptions of economic or social repercussions rather than taking into account the process or phenomenon of gambling itself. However, clinicians focusing on negative consequences of the gambling behavior, developed typologies and worked out the definitions that may prove beneficial for more adequate operationalizing this concept. A critical review of the literature showed that familial /genetic, sociological /demographics (e.g. age, gender, ethnicity, forms of gambling), individual (e.g. an individual’s personality, biochemistry, cognitions, and psychological states) and religion/ spirituality factors may be implicated in the development and maintenance of pathological gambling.
References
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Abbott, M. W., Volberg, R. A., Berlinger, M. E., Reith, G. (2004). A review of research on aspects of problem gambling. Auckland, NZ: Gambling Research Center.
APA – American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Azmier, J. (2001). Gambling in Canada 2001: An overview. Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.
Barker, T., Britz, M. (2000). Jokers Wild: Legalized gambling i the twenty-first century. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Bellringer, P. (1999). Understanding problem gamblers. London: Free Association Books.
Bergevin, T., Gupta, R., Derevensky, J., Kaufman, F. (2006). Adolescent gambling: Understanding the role of stress and coping. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 2, 195-208.
Blaszczynski, A., Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97, 5, 487-499.
Blaszczynski, A., Steel, Z. (1998). Personality disorders among pathological gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 11, 1, 51-71.
Camchong, J., Goodie, A., McDowell, J. E., Gilmore, C. S., Clementz, B. (2007). A cognitive neuroscience approach to studying the role of overconfidence in problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 2, 185-199.
Carson, R. C., Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. (2003). Psychologia zaburzeń. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Clarke, D. (2004). Impulsiveness, locus of control motivation and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20, 4, 319-345.
Clarke, D., Abbott, M., Tse, S., Townsend, S., Kingi, P., Manaia, W. (2006a). Gender, age ethnic and occupational associations with pathological gambling in a New Zealand urban sample. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35, 2, 84-95.
Clarke, D., Tse, S., Abbott, M., Townsend, S., Kingi, P., Manaia, W. (2006b). Religion, spirituality and associations with problem gambling. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35, 2, 77-86.
Clotfelter, Ch. T. (2005). Gambling taxes. W: S. Cnossen (red.), Theory and practice of excise taxation: Smoking, drinking, gambling, polluting and driving (s. 84-119). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Comings, D. E. (1998). The molecular genetics of pathological gambling. CNS Spectrums, 3, 6, 20-37.
Cox, S. (1998). Problem Gamblers Helpline. Paper presented at the Problem Gambling Workshop of the Committee on the Social and Economic Impact of Pathological Gambling, Irvine, CA, June 1. Texas Council on Problem and Compulsive Gambling, Richardson.
Custer, R. L., Milt, H. (1985). When Luck runs out: Help for compulsive gamblers and their families. New York: Facts on File.
DeCaria, C. M., Begaz, T., Hollander, E. (1998). Serotonergic and noradrenergic function in pathological gambling. CNS Spectrums, 3, 6, 38-47.
Dell, L. J., Ruzika, M. F., Palisi, A. T. (1981). Personality and other factors associated with gambling addiction. International Journal of Addictions, 16, 149-156.
Derevensky, L., Gupta, R., Nower, L. (2004). The relationship of impulsivity, sensation seeking, coping, and substance use in youth gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 49-55.
Dzik, B. (2004). Hazard. W: T. Tyszka (red.), Psychologia ekonomiczna (s. 567-599). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Eisen, J. L., Beer, D. A., Pato, M. T., Venditto, T. A., Rasmussen, S. A. (1997). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 2, 271-273.
Fernandez-Montalvo, J., Echeburua, E. (2004). Pathological gambling and personality disorders: An exploratory study with the IPDE. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 5, 500-505.
Goldstein, L., Murphree, H. B., Pfeiffer, C. C. (1963). Quantitative electroencephalography in man as a measure of CNS stimulation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 107, 3, 1045-1056.
Goldstein, L., Sugerman, A. A., Stolberg, H., Murphree, H. B., Pfeiffer, C. C. (1965). Electro-cerebral activity in schizophrenics and non-psychotic subjects: Quantitative EEG amplitude analysis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 19, 4, 350-361.
Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W. (2003). Comorbidity of impulse control disorders in pathological gamblers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 3, 203-207.
Griffiths, M. (1995). Adolescent gambling. London: Routledge.
Griffiths, M. (1996). Behavioral addictions: An issue for everybody. Employee Counseling Today, 8, 3, 19-25.
Griffiths, M. (2004). Gry i hazard. Uzależnienia dzieci w okresie dorastania. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Grinols, E. (2004). Gambling in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, C. A. (1997). Religion, psychopathology, and substance use and abuse: A multimeasure, genetic-epidemiologic study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 3, 322-329.
Lam, D. (2006). The influence of religiosity on gambling participation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 3, 305-320.
Lejoyeux, M., Mc Loughlin, M., Adès, J. (2000). Epidemiology of behavioral dependence: Literature review and results of original studies. European Psychiatry, 15, 129-134.
Lightsey, O. R., Hulsey, C. D. (2002). Impulsivity, coping, stress, and problem gambling among university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 202-211.
Livingston, J. (1974). Compulsive gamblers: Observations on actions and abstinence. New York: Harper and Row.
Longo, D., Peterson, S. (2002). The role of spirituality in psychosocial rehabilitation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 333-340.
Magoon, M. E., Ingresol, G. M. (2006). Parent modeling, attachment, and supervision as moderators of adolescent gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 1,1-22.
Malkin, D., Synne, G. J. (1986). Personality and problem gambling. International Journal of the Addiction, 87, 549-565.
Marlatt, G. A. (2002). Buddhist philosophy and the treatment of addictive behavior. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 1, 44-49.
Marlatt, G. A., Baer, J. S., Donovan, D. M., Kivlahan, D. R. (1988). Addictive behaviors: Etiology and treatment. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 223-252.
Mark, M. E., Lesieur, H. R. (1992). A feminist critique of problem gambling research. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 549-565.
Mellibruda, J. (1996). Ludzie z problemami alkoholowymi. Warszawa: CRS.
Miller, M. A., Westermeyer, J. (1996). Gambling in Minnesota. American Journal Psychiatry, 153, 6, 845-849.
Moran, E. (1970). Varieties of pathologicall gambling. British Journal of Psychiatry, 116, 593-597.
Neusner, J., Brockopp, J. E., Sonn, T. (2000). Judaism and Islam in practice: A sourcebook. London: Routledge.
Niewiadomska, I., Brzezińska, M., Lelonek, B. (2005). Hazard. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Nordin, C., Nylander, P. O. (2007). Temperament and character in pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 2, 113-120.
NRC – National Research Council (1999). Pathological gambling. A critical review. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Oei, T. P., Gordon, L. M. (2008). Psychosocial factors relateded to gambling abstinence and relapse in members of Gamblers Anonymous. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24, 1, 91-105.
Potenza, M. N., Steinberg, M. A., McLaughlin, S., Wu, R., LaVelle, E. T., Hemstock, D. A., Rounsaville, B. J., O’Malley, S. S. (2000). Disordered gambling and excessive tobacco use: Addiction spectrum behaviors? Biological Psychiatry, 47, 1S-173S.
Potenza, M. N., Winters, K. C. (2003). The neurobiology of pathological gambling: Translating research findings in clinical advances. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19, 1, 7-10.
Raylu, N., Oei, T. P. S. (2002). Pathological gambling. A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1009-1061.
Raylu, N., Oei, T. P. S. (2004). Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1087-1114.
Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Avila, C., Jimenez-Arriero, M., Ponce G., Monasor, R., Jimenez, M. Aragues, M., Hoenicka, J., Rubio, G., Palomo, T. (2006). Attention in impulsivity and sustained pathological gamblers: Influence of choldhood ADHD history. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 4, 451-461.
Roney, C. J. R., Trick, L. M. (2003). Grouping and gambling: A gestalt approach to understanding the gamblers fallacy. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 69-75.
Rosenthal, F. (1975). Gambling in Islam. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
Rosenthal, R. J. (1992). Pathological gambling. Psychiatric Annals, 22, 2, 72-78.
Roy, A., Custer, R., Lorenz, V., Linnoila, M. (1989). Personality factors and pathological gambling. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80, 37-39.
Ryś, M. (2007). Rodzinne uwarunkowania psychospołecznego funkcjonowania Dorosłych Dzieci Alkoholików. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Sęk, H. (2003). Wprowadzenie do psychologii klinicznej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Scholar”.
Shah, K. R., Eisen, S. A., Xian, H., Potenza, M. N. (2005). Genetics studies of pathological gambling: A review of methodology and analyses of data from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21, 2, 179-203.
Spaniol, L. (2001). Spirituality and connectedness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 321-322.
Specker, S. M., Carlson, G. A., Christenson, G. A., Marcotte, M. (1995). Impulse control disorders and attention deficit disorder in pathological gamblers. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 7, 4, 175-179.
Strelau, J. (2001). Temperament. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 683-719). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Stucki, S., Rihs-Middel, M. (2007). Prevelance of adult problem and pathological gambling between 2000-2005: An update. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 3, 245-257.
Tolchard, B., Thomas, L., Battersby, M. (2007). GPs and problem gambling: Can they help with identification on early intervention? Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 4, 499-506.
Wardle, H., Sproston, K., Orford, J., Erens, B., Griffiths, M., Constantine, R., Pigott, S. (2007). British Gambling Prevelance Survey 2007. London: National Center for Social Research.
Welte, J. W., Wieczorek, W. F., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M.-C. O. (2006). Multiple risk factors for frequent and problem gambling: Individual, social, and ecological. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 6, 1548-1568.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O., Parker, J. C. (2001). Alcohol and gambling pathology among U.S. adults: Prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 5, 706-718.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O., Parker, J. C. (2002). Gambling participation in the U.S.: Result from a national survey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18, 313-337.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O. (2004a). Gambling participation and pathology in the United-States – A sociodemographic analysis using classification trees. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 5, 983-989.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O., Parker, J. C. (2004). Risk factors for pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 323-335.
Wildman, R. W. (1998). Gambling: An attempt at an integration. Edmonton: Wynne Resources.
Winters, K. C., Rich, T. (1998). A twin study of adult gambling behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14, 3, 213-225.
Woronowicz, B. (2001). Bez tajemnic. O uzależnieniach i ich leczeniu. Warszawa: Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii.
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Zuckerman, M., McDaniel, S. R. (2003). The relationship of impulsive sensation seeking and gender to interest and participation in gambling actives. Personality and Individual Differeces, 35, 1385-1400.
Abbott, M. W., Volberg, R. A., Berlinger, M. E., Reith, G. (2004). A review of research on aspects of problem gambling. Auckland, NZ: Gambling Research Center.
APA – American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Azmier, J. (2001). Gambling in Canada 2001: An overview. Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.
Barker, T., Britz, M. (2000). Jokers Wild: Legalized gambling i the twenty-first century. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Bellringer, P. (1999). Understanding problem gamblers. London: Free Association Books.
Bergevin, T., Gupta, R., Derevensky, J., Kaufman, F. (2006). Adolescent gambling: Understanding the role of stress and coping. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 2, 195-208.
Blaszczynski, A., Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97, 5, 487-499.
Blaszczynski, A., Steel, Z. (1998). Personality disorders among pathological gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 11, 1, 51-71.
Camchong, J., Goodie, A., McDowell, J. E., Gilmore, C. S., Clementz, B. (2007). A cognitive neuroscience approach to studying the role of overconfidence in problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 2, 185-199.
Carson, R. C., Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. (2003). Psychologia zaburzeń. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Clarke, D. (2004). Impulsiveness, locus of control motivation and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20, 4, 319-345.
Clarke, D., Abbott, M., Tse, S., Townsend, S., Kingi, P., Manaia, W. (2006a). Gender, age ethnic and occupational associations with pathological gambling in a New Zealand urban sample. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35, 2, 84-95.
Clarke, D., Tse, S., Abbott, M., Townsend, S., Kingi, P., Manaia, W. (2006b). Religion, spirituality and associations with problem gambling. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35, 2, 77-86.
Clotfelter, Ch. T. (2005). Gambling taxes. W: S. Cnossen (red.), Theory and practice of excise taxation: Smoking, drinking, gambling, polluting and driving (s. 84-119). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Comings, D. E. (1998). The molecular genetics of pathological gambling. CNS Spectrums, 3, 6, 20-37.
Cox, S. (1998). Problem Gamblers Helpline. Paper presented at the Problem Gambling Workshop of the Committee on the Social and Economic Impact of Pathological Gambling, Irvine, CA, June 1. Texas Council on Problem and Compulsive Gambling, Richardson.
Custer, R. L., Milt, H. (1985). When Luck runs out: Help for compulsive gamblers and their families. New York: Facts on File.
DeCaria, C. M., Begaz, T., Hollander, E. (1998). Serotonergic and noradrenergic function in pathological gambling. CNS Spectrums, 3, 6, 38-47.
Dell, L. J., Ruzika, M. F., Palisi, A. T. (1981). Personality and other factors associated with gambling addiction. International Journal of Addictions, 16, 149-156.
Derevensky, L., Gupta, R., Nower, L. (2004). The relationship of impulsivity, sensation seeking, coping, and substance use in youth gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 49-55.
Dzik, B. (2004). Hazard. W: T. Tyszka (red.), Psychologia ekonomiczna (s. 567-599). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Eisen, J. L., Beer, D. A., Pato, M. T., Venditto, T. A., Rasmussen, S. A. (1997). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 2, 271-273.
Fernandez-Montalvo, J., Echeburua, E. (2004). Pathological gambling and personality disorders: An exploratory study with the IPDE. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 5, 500-505.
Goldstein, L., Murphree, H. B., Pfeiffer, C. C. (1963). Quantitative electroencephalography in man as a measure of CNS stimulation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 107, 3, 1045-1056.
Goldstein, L., Sugerman, A. A., Stolberg, H., Murphree, H. B., Pfeiffer, C. C. (1965). Electro-cerebral activity in schizophrenics and non-psychotic subjects: Quantitative EEG amplitude analysis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 19, 4, 350-361.
Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W. (2003). Comorbidity of impulse control disorders in pathological gamblers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 3, 203-207.
Griffiths, M. (1995). Adolescent gambling. London: Routledge.
Griffiths, M. (1996). Behavioral addictions: An issue for everybody. Employee Counseling Today, 8, 3, 19-25.
Griffiths, M. (2004). Gry i hazard. Uzależnienia dzieci w okresie dorastania. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Grinols, E. (2004). Gambling in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, C. A. (1997). Religion, psychopathology, and substance use and abuse: A multimeasure, genetic-epidemiologic study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 3, 322-329.
Lam, D. (2006). The influence of religiosity on gambling participation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 3, 305-320.
Lejoyeux, M., Mc Loughlin, M., Adès, J. (2000). Epidemiology of behavioral dependence: Literature review and results of original studies. European Psychiatry, 15, 129-134.
Lightsey, O. R., Hulsey, C. D. (2002). Impulsivity, coping, stress, and problem gambling among university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 202-211.
Livingston, J. (1974). Compulsive gamblers: Observations on actions and abstinence. New York: Harper and Row.
Longo, D., Peterson, S. (2002). The role of spirituality in psychosocial rehabilitation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 333-340.
Magoon, M. E., Ingresol, G. M. (2006). Parent modeling, attachment, and supervision as moderators of adolescent gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 1,1-22.
Malkin, D., Synne, G. J. (1986). Personality and problem gambling. International Journal of the Addiction, 87, 549-565.
Marlatt, G. A. (2002). Buddhist philosophy and the treatment of addictive behavior. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 1, 44-49.
Marlatt, G. A., Baer, J. S., Donovan, D. M., Kivlahan, D. R. (1988). Addictive behaviors: Etiology and treatment. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 223-252.
Mark, M. E., Lesieur, H. R. (1992). A feminist critique of problem gambling research. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 549-565.
Mellibruda, J. (1996). Ludzie z problemami alkoholowymi. Warszawa: CRS.
Miller, M. A., Westermeyer, J. (1996). Gambling in Minnesota. American Journal Psychiatry, 153, 6, 845-849.
Moran, E. (1970). Varieties of pathologicall gambling. British Journal of Psychiatry, 116, 593-597.
Neusner, J., Brockopp, J. E., Sonn, T. (2000). Judaism and Islam in practice: A sourcebook. London: Routledge.
Niewiadomska, I., Brzezińska, M., Lelonek, B. (2005). Hazard. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL.
Nordin, C., Nylander, P. O. (2007). Temperament and character in pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 2, 113-120.
NRC – National Research Council (1999). Pathological gambling. A critical review. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Oei, T. P., Gordon, L. M. (2008). Psychosocial factors relateded to gambling abstinence and relapse in members of Gamblers Anonymous. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24, 1, 91-105.
Potenza, M. N., Steinberg, M. A., McLaughlin, S., Wu, R., LaVelle, E. T., Hemstock, D. A., Rounsaville, B. J., O’Malley, S. S. (2000). Disordered gambling and excessive tobacco use: Addiction spectrum behaviors? Biological Psychiatry, 47, 1S-173S.
Potenza, M. N., Winters, K. C. (2003). The neurobiology of pathological gambling: Translating research findings in clinical advances. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19, 1, 7-10.
Raylu, N., Oei, T. P. S. (2002). Pathological gambling. A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1009-1061.
Raylu, N., Oei, T. P. S. (2004). Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1087-1114.
Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Avila, C., Jimenez-Arriero, M., Ponce G., Monasor, R., Jimenez, M. Aragues, M., Hoenicka, J., Rubio, G., Palomo, T. (2006). Attention in impulsivity and sustained pathological gamblers: Influence of choldhood ADHD history. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 4, 451-461.
Roney, C. J. R., Trick, L. M. (2003). Grouping and gambling: A gestalt approach to understanding the gamblers fallacy. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 69-75.
Rosenthal, F. (1975). Gambling in Islam. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
Rosenthal, R. J. (1992). Pathological gambling. Psychiatric Annals, 22, 2, 72-78.
Roy, A., Custer, R., Lorenz, V., Linnoila, M. (1989). Personality factors and pathological gambling. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80, 37-39.
Ryś, M. (2007). Rodzinne uwarunkowania psychospołecznego funkcjonowania Dorosłych Dzieci Alkoholików. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Sęk, H. (2003). Wprowadzenie do psychologii klinicznej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Scholar”.
Shah, K. R., Eisen, S. A., Xian, H., Potenza, M. N. (2005). Genetics studies of pathological gambling: A review of methodology and analyses of data from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21, 2, 179-203.
Spaniol, L. (2001). Spirituality and connectedness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 321-322.
Specker, S. M., Carlson, G. A., Christenson, G. A., Marcotte, M. (1995). Impulse control disorders and attention deficit disorder in pathological gamblers. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 7, 4, 175-179.
Strelau, J. (2001). Temperament. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 683-719). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Stucki, S., Rihs-Middel, M. (2007). Prevelance of adult problem and pathological gambling between 2000-2005: An update. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 3, 245-257.
Tolchard, B., Thomas, L., Battersby, M. (2007). GPs and problem gambling: Can they help with identification on early intervention? Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 4, 499-506.
Wardle, H., Sproston, K., Orford, J., Erens, B., Griffiths, M., Constantine, R., Pigott, S. (2007). British Gambling Prevelance Survey 2007. London: National Center for Social Research.
Welte, J. W., Wieczorek, W. F., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M.-C. O. (2006). Multiple risk factors for frequent and problem gambling: Individual, social, and ecological. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 6, 1548-1568.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O., Parker, J. C. (2001). Alcohol and gambling pathology among U.S. adults: Prevalence, demographic patterns and comorbidity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 5, 706-718.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O., Parker, J. C. (2002). Gambling participation in the U.S.: Result from a national survey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18, 313-337.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O. (2004a). Gambling participation and pathology in the United-States – A sociodemographic analysis using classification trees. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 5, 983-989.
Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O., Parker, J. C. (2004). Risk factors for pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 323-335.
Wildman, R. W. (1998). Gambling: An attempt at an integration. Edmonton: Wynne Resources.
Winters, K. C., Rich, T. (1998). A twin study of adult gambling behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14, 3, 213-225.
Woronowicz, B. (2001). Bez tajemnic. O uzależnieniach i ich leczeniu. Warszawa: Instytut Psychiatrii i Neurologii.
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Zuckerman, M., McDaniel, S. R. (2003). The relationship of impulsive sensation seeking and gender to interest and participation in gambling actives. Personality and Individual Differeces, 35, 1385-1400.
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