The Big-Five: Old problems and new concerns
Keywords:
Five-Factor Model; personality; personality assessment
Abstract
The article discusses the present status of the five-factor model of personality. A brief history of the Big Five research has been outlined and the main controversies and problems presented. The article focuses on cultural universality of the model, controversies pointing to the number and interpretation of factors, and the diagnostic utility of the model.
References
Allport, G. W. (1939). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Son, C. (2000). Honesty as the sixth factor of personality. Correlations with Machiavellianism, primary psychopathy, and social androitness. European Journal of Personality, 14, 359-368.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., de Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K., De Ra- ad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356-366.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Goldberg, L. R. (2004). A hierarchical analysis of 1,710 English personality-descriptive adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 707-721.
Ben-Porath, Y. S., Waller, N. G. (1992). Five big issues in clinical personality assessment: A rejoinder to Costa and McCrae. Psychological Assessment, 4, 23-25.
Block, J. (1994). A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Journal of Personality, 117, 187-215.
Boies, K., Lee K., Ashton, M. C., Pascal, S., Nicol, A. A. M. (2001). The structure of the French personality lexicon. European Journal of Personality, 15, 277-295.
Brand, C. R., Egan, V. (1989). The “Big Five” dimensions of personality? Evidence from ipsative, adjectival self-attributions. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1165-1171.
Caprara, G. V., Perugini, M. (1994). Personality described by adjectives: The generalizability of the Big Five to the Italian lexical context. European Journal of Personality, 8, 357-369.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality. Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476-507.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The Scree Test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 140-161.
Church, T. A., Katigbak, M. S. (1989). Internal, external and self-report structure of personality in a non-Western culture. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 857-872.
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Reyes, J. A. S. (1998). Further exploration of Filipino personality structure using the lexical approach: Do the big-five or big seven dimensions emerge? European Journal of Personality, 12, 249-269.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five- -Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resourses.
Cousins, S. (1989). Culture and selfhood in Japan and the US. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 124-131.
De Raad, B. (1992). The replicability of the Big Five personality dimensions in three word-classes of the Dutch language. European Journal of Personality, 6, 13-29.
De Raad, B., Perugini, M., Hrebickova, M., Szarota, P. (1998). Lingua Franca of personality: Taxonomies and structures based on the psycholexical approach. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 212-232.
Di Blas, L., Forzi, M. (1998). An alternative taxonomic study of personality-descriptive adjectives in the Italian language. European Journal of Personality, 12, 75-101.
Everett, J. E. (1983). Factor comparability as a means of determining the number of factors and their rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 18, 197-218.
Eysenck, H. J. (1992a). Four ways five factor are not basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 667-673.
Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the factorial structures of personality ratings from different sources. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 329-344.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993a). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993b). What the hell took so long? Donald Fiske and the Big-Five Factor Structure. W: P. E. Shrout, S. T. Fiske (red.), Advances in personality research, methods, and theory. New York: Erlbaum.
Hahn, D.-W., Lee, K., Ashton, M. C. (1999). A factor analysis of the most frequently used Korean personality trait adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 13, 261-282.
Hofstee, W. K. B. (1994). Who should own the definition of personality? European Journal of Personality, 8, 149-162.
Hofstee, W. K. B, De Raad, B., Goldberg, L. R. (1992). Integration of the Big Five and circumplex approaches to trait structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 146-163.
Hough, L. M. (1992). The “Big Five” personality variables-construct confusion: Description versus prediction. Human Performance, 5, 139-155.
Hrebickova, M., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A. (1995). Basic dimensions of personality description in the Czech language (Paper presented at the 7th meeting of International Society for the Study of Individual Differences, Warsaw).
Isaka, H. (1990). Factor analysis of trait terms in everyday Japanese language. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 115-124.
Jarmuż, S. (1994). Metodologiczne problemy związane z weryfikacją modelu Wielkiej Piątki. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 37, 195-203.
John, O. P. (1990). The Big Five factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. W: L. Pervin (red.), Handbook of personality theory and research (s. 66-100). New York: Guilford.
Kuhn, M. H., McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19, 68-76.
Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Marszał-Wiśniewska, M., Jarmuż, S. (1995). Swobodne opisy osobowości i temperamentu dzieci a model „Wielkiej Piątki”. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 38, 117-128.
Matthews, G., Oddy, K. (1993). Recovery of major personality dimensions from trait adjective data. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 419-431.
McAdams, D. P. (1992). The five-factor model in personality: A critical appraisal. Journal of Personality, 60, 329-357.
McClelland, D. C. (1981). Is personality consistent? W: A. I. Rabin, J. Aronoff, A. M. Barclay, R. A. Zucker (red.), Further explorations in personality (s. 87-113). New York: Wiley.
McCrae, R. R., John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
Mlačić, B., Ostendorf, F. (2005). Taxonomy and structure of Croatian personality-descriptive adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 19, 117-152.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor-structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Okóń, J. (1960). Analiza czynnikowa w psychologii. Warszawa: PWN.
Oleś, P. (2000). Kontrowersje wokół „Wielkiej Piątki”. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 6, 7-18.
Ostendorf, F. (1990). Sprache und Persönlichkeitsstruktur: zur Validitat des Funf-Faktoren Modells der Persönlichkeit. Regensburg: Roderer Verlag.
Rummel, R. J. (1970). Applied factor analysis. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Saucier, G. (2002). Gone too far – or not far enough? European Journal of Personality, 16, 55-62.
Shaver, P. R., Brennan, K. A. (1992). Attachment styles and the “Big Five” personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 536-545.
Shweder, R. A., Bourne, E. J. (1984). Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? W: R. A. Shweder, R. A. LeVine (red.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (s. 158-199). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, T. W.,Williams, P. G. (1992). Personality and health: Advantages and limitations of the five- -factor model. Journal of Personality, 60, 395-424.
Szirmak, Z., De Raad, B. (1994). Taxonomy and structure of Hungarian personality traits. European Journal of Personality, 8, 95-117.
Szarota, P. (1995a). Taksonomia przymiotników służących do opisu człowieka jako test trafności pięcioczynnikowego modelu osobowości (mps pracy doktorskiej, Uniwersytet Warszawski).
Szarota, P. (1995b). Polska Lista Przymiotnikowa: Narzędzie do diagnozy pięciu wielkich czynników osobowości. Studia Psychologiczne, 33, 227-256.
Szarota, P. (1996). Perspektywy badań leksykalnych nad osobowością. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 6, 443-448.
Szarota, P., Ashton, M., Lee, K. (2007). Taxonomy and structure of the Polish personality lexicon. European Journal of Personality, 21, 823-852.
Thurstone, L. L. (1934). The vectors of mind. Psychological Review, 41, 1-32.
Tupes, E. C., Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings (USAF ASD Technical Report No. 61-97, Lackland Air Force Base).
Tupes, E. C., Christal, R. E. (1992). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Journal of Personality, 60, 225-251.
Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J. (1992). Personality and psychopathology: An application of the Five- -Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 60, 363-391.
Yang, K., Bond, M. H. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1087-1095.
Wojciszke, B. (1993). Moralność i sprawność jako kategorie percepcji społecznej i politycznej. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 36, 433-447.
Zawadzki, B., Szczepaniak, P., Strelau, J. (1995). Diagnoza psychometryczna pięciu wielkich czynników osobowości: adaptacja kwestionariusza NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae’a do warunków polskich. Studia Psychologiczne, 33, 189-225.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Son, C. (2000). Honesty as the sixth factor of personality. Correlations with Machiavellianism, primary psychopathy, and social androitness. European Journal of Personality, 14, 359-368.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., de Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K., De Ra- ad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356-366.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Goldberg, L. R. (2004). A hierarchical analysis of 1,710 English personality-descriptive adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 707-721.
Ben-Porath, Y. S., Waller, N. G. (1992). Five big issues in clinical personality assessment: A rejoinder to Costa and McCrae. Psychological Assessment, 4, 23-25.
Block, J. (1994). A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Journal of Personality, 117, 187-215.
Boies, K., Lee K., Ashton, M. C., Pascal, S., Nicol, A. A. M. (2001). The structure of the French personality lexicon. European Journal of Personality, 15, 277-295.
Brand, C. R., Egan, V. (1989). The “Big Five” dimensions of personality? Evidence from ipsative, adjectival self-attributions. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1165-1171.
Caprara, G. V., Perugini, M. (1994). Personality described by adjectives: The generalizability of the Big Five to the Italian lexical context. European Journal of Personality, 8, 357-369.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality. Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476-507.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The Scree Test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 140-161.
Church, T. A., Katigbak, M. S. (1989). Internal, external and self-report structure of personality in a non-Western culture. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 857-872.
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Reyes, J. A. S. (1998). Further exploration of Filipino personality structure using the lexical approach: Do the big-five or big seven dimensions emerge? European Journal of Personality, 12, 249-269.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five- -Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resourses.
Cousins, S. (1989). Culture and selfhood in Japan and the US. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 124-131.
De Raad, B. (1992). The replicability of the Big Five personality dimensions in three word-classes of the Dutch language. European Journal of Personality, 6, 13-29.
De Raad, B., Perugini, M., Hrebickova, M., Szarota, P. (1998). Lingua Franca of personality: Taxonomies and structures based on the psycholexical approach. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 212-232.
Di Blas, L., Forzi, M. (1998). An alternative taxonomic study of personality-descriptive adjectives in the Italian language. European Journal of Personality, 12, 75-101.
Everett, J. E. (1983). Factor comparability as a means of determining the number of factors and their rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 18, 197-218.
Eysenck, H. J. (1992a). Four ways five factor are not basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 667-673.
Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the factorial structures of personality ratings from different sources. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 329-344.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993a). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993b). What the hell took so long? Donald Fiske and the Big-Five Factor Structure. W: P. E. Shrout, S. T. Fiske (red.), Advances in personality research, methods, and theory. New York: Erlbaum.
Hahn, D.-W., Lee, K., Ashton, M. C. (1999). A factor analysis of the most frequently used Korean personality trait adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 13, 261-282.
Hofstee, W. K. B. (1994). Who should own the definition of personality? European Journal of Personality, 8, 149-162.
Hofstee, W. K. B, De Raad, B., Goldberg, L. R. (1992). Integration of the Big Five and circumplex approaches to trait structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 146-163.
Hough, L. M. (1992). The “Big Five” personality variables-construct confusion: Description versus prediction. Human Performance, 5, 139-155.
Hrebickova, M., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A. (1995). Basic dimensions of personality description in the Czech language (Paper presented at the 7th meeting of International Society for the Study of Individual Differences, Warsaw).
Isaka, H. (1990). Factor analysis of trait terms in everyday Japanese language. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 115-124.
Jarmuż, S. (1994). Metodologiczne problemy związane z weryfikacją modelu Wielkiej Piątki. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 37, 195-203.
John, O. P. (1990). The Big Five factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. W: L. Pervin (red.), Handbook of personality theory and research (s. 66-100). New York: Guilford.
Kuhn, M. H., McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19, 68-76.
Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Marszał-Wiśniewska, M., Jarmuż, S. (1995). Swobodne opisy osobowości i temperamentu dzieci a model „Wielkiej Piątki”. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 38, 117-128.
Matthews, G., Oddy, K. (1993). Recovery of major personality dimensions from trait adjective data. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 419-431.
McAdams, D. P. (1992). The five-factor model in personality: A critical appraisal. Journal of Personality, 60, 329-357.
McClelland, D. C. (1981). Is personality consistent? W: A. I. Rabin, J. Aronoff, A. M. Barclay, R. A. Zucker (red.), Further explorations in personality (s. 87-113). New York: Wiley.
McCrae, R. R., John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
Mlačić, B., Ostendorf, F. (2005). Taxonomy and structure of Croatian personality-descriptive adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 19, 117-152.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor-structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
Okóń, J. (1960). Analiza czynnikowa w psychologii. Warszawa: PWN.
Oleś, P. (2000). Kontrowersje wokół „Wielkiej Piątki”. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 6, 7-18.
Ostendorf, F. (1990). Sprache und Persönlichkeitsstruktur: zur Validitat des Funf-Faktoren Modells der Persönlichkeit. Regensburg: Roderer Verlag.
Rummel, R. J. (1970). Applied factor analysis. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Saucier, G. (2002). Gone too far – or not far enough? European Journal of Personality, 16, 55-62.
Shaver, P. R., Brennan, K. A. (1992). Attachment styles and the “Big Five” personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 536-545.
Shweder, R. A., Bourne, E. J. (1984). Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? W: R. A. Shweder, R. A. LeVine (red.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (s. 158-199). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, T. W.,Williams, P. G. (1992). Personality and health: Advantages and limitations of the five- -factor model. Journal of Personality, 60, 395-424.
Szirmak, Z., De Raad, B. (1994). Taxonomy and structure of Hungarian personality traits. European Journal of Personality, 8, 95-117.
Szarota, P. (1995a). Taksonomia przymiotników służących do opisu człowieka jako test trafności pięcioczynnikowego modelu osobowości (mps pracy doktorskiej, Uniwersytet Warszawski).
Szarota, P. (1995b). Polska Lista Przymiotnikowa: Narzędzie do diagnozy pięciu wielkich czynników osobowości. Studia Psychologiczne, 33, 227-256.
Szarota, P. (1996). Perspektywy badań leksykalnych nad osobowością. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 6, 443-448.
Szarota, P., Ashton, M., Lee, K. (2007). Taxonomy and structure of the Polish personality lexicon. European Journal of Personality, 21, 823-852.
Thurstone, L. L. (1934). The vectors of mind. Psychological Review, 41, 1-32.
Tupes, E. C., Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings (USAF ASD Technical Report No. 61-97, Lackland Air Force Base).
Tupes, E. C., Christal, R. E. (1992). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Journal of Personality, 60, 225-251.
Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J. (1992). Personality and psychopathology: An application of the Five- -Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 60, 363-391.
Yang, K., Bond, M. H. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1087-1095.
Wojciszke, B. (1993). Moralność i sprawność jako kategorie percepcji społecznej i politycznej. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 36, 433-447.
Zawadzki, B., Szczepaniak, P., Strelau, J. (1995). Diagnoza psychometryczna pięciu wielkich czynników osobowości: adaptacja kwestionariusza NEO-FFI Costy i McCrae’a do warunków polskich. Studia Psychologiczne, 33, 189-225.
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