Co-morbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse disorders
Keywords:
traumatic events; PTSD; substance/alcohol use disorders; co-morbidity; attendant mental disorders
Abstract
This article discusses the problem of co-morbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse disorders. The author presents a review of epidemiological studies and theoretical conceptualizations on co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol and drug abuse or dependence. In addition, a review of studies which explore the nature of the relationship between PTSD and substance abuse disorders is presented.
References
Brown, P. J., Recupero, P. R., Stout, R. L. (1995). PTSD substance abuse comorbidity and treatment utilization. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 251-254.
Chilcoat, H. D., Breslau, N. (1998). Investigations of casual pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 827-840.
Cierpiałkowska, L. (2001). Alkoholizm – przyczyny, leczenie, profilaktyka. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Conrod, P. J., Stewart, S. H. (2003). Experimental studies exploring functional relations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. W: P. Ouimette, P. J. Brown (red.), Trauma and substance abuse. Causes, consequences and treatment of comorbid disorders (s. 57-71). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cottler, L. B., Compton, W. M., Mager, D., Spitznagel, E. L., Janca, A. (1992). Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 664-670.
De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Developmental traumatology: A contributory mechanism for alcohol and substance use disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 155-170.
Dragan, M. (2006). Przemoc w dzieciństwie a ryzyko nadużywania substancji psychoaktywnych w okresie adolescencji i dorosłości z perspektywy traumatologii rozwojowej. Psychologia- -Etologia-Genetyka, 14, 59-80.
Dragan, M., Lis-Turlejska, M. (2007). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in alcohol dependent patients in Poland. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 902-911.
Dragan, W. Ł., Polak, M. (2004). Czynniki genetyczne w etiologii współwystępowania zespołu stresu pourazowego i patologicznego używania substancji psychoaktywnych. Psychologia- -Etologia-Genetyka, 10, 121-128.
Evren, C., Can, S., Evren, B., Saatcioglu, O., Cakmak, D. (2006). Lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder in Turkish alcohol-dependent inpatients: Relationship with depression, anxiety and erectile dysfunction. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 77-84.
Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Hauf, A. C., Paradis, A. D., Wasserman, M. S., Langhammer, D. M. (2000). Comorbidity of substance use and post-traumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 253-262.
Greely, J., Oei, T. (1999). Alcohol and tension reduction. W: K. E. Leonard, H. T. Blane (red.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (s. 14-53). London: Guilford Press.
Heim, C., Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: Preclinical and clinical studies. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1023-1039.
Heitzman, J. (1995). Zespół stresu pourazowego – kryteria diagnostyczne, zastosowanie kliniczne i orzecznicze. Psychiatria Polska, 29, 751-766.
Helzer, J. E., Pryzbeck, T. R. (1987). The co-occurrence of alcoholism with other psychiatric disorders in the general population and its impact on treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 49, 219-224.
Hidalgo, R. B., Davidson, J. R. T. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Epidemiology and health- -related considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(suppl. 7), 5-13.
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S. [i in.] (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 19-30.
Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report on findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Kushner, M. G., Abrams, K., Borchardt, C. (2000). The relationship between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders: A review of major perspectives and findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 149-171.
Lang, A. R., Patrick, C. J., Stritzke, W. G. K. (1999). Alcohol and emotional response: A multidimensional-multilevel analysis. W: K. E. Leonard, H. T. Blane (red.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (s. 14-53). London: Guilford Press,
Lister, R. G., Gorenstein, C., Risher-Flowers, D., Weingartner, H. J., Eckhardt, M. J. (1991). Dissociation of the acute effects of alcohol on implicite and explicite memory processes. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1205-1212.
Lis-Turlejska, M. (1998). Traumatyczny stres: koncepcje i badania. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Psychologii PAN.
Lis-Turlejska, M. (2002). Stres traumatyczny. Występowanie, następstwa, terapia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Żak”.
McFarlane, A. C. (1998). Epidemiological evidence about the relationship between PTSD and alcohol abuse: The nature of the association. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 813-825.
Meisler, A. W. (1996). Trauma, PTSD, and substance abuse. PTSD Research Quarterly, 7, 1-6.
Mills, K. L., Lynskey, M., Teesson, M., Ross, J., Darke, S. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder among people with heroin dependence in the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS): Prevalence and correlates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 243-249.
Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Ross, J., Peters, L. (2006). Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. American Journal of Psychiatry, 4, 651-658.
Murdoch, D., Pihl, R. O., Ross, D. (1990). Alcohol and crimes of violence: Present issues. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 1065-1081.
Reynolds, M., Mezey, G., Chapman, M., Wheeler, M., Drummond, C., Baldacchino, A. (2005). Co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder in a substance misusing clinical population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 251-258.
Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Kilpatrick, D. G. (1995). Understanding comorbidity between PTSD and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations. Addictive Beha¬viors, 20, 643-655.
Saladin, M. E., Drobers, D. J., Coffey, S. F., Dansky, B. S., Brady, K. T., Kilpatrick, D. G. (2003). PTSD symptom severity as a predictor of cue-elicited drug craving in victims of violent crime. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1611-1629.
Samochowiec, J. (2002). Genetyka molekularna uzależnienia alkoholowego. W: J. Rybakowski, J. Hauser (red.), Genetyka molekularna zaburzeń psychicznych (s. 49-69). Kraków: Biblioteka Psychiatrii Polskiej.
Segman, R. H., Cooper-Kazaz, R., Macciardi, F., Goltser, T., Halfon, Y., Dobroborski, T. (2002). Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 903-907.
Shea, A., Walsh, Ch., MacMillan, H., Steiner, M. (2004). Child maltreatment and HPA axis dysregulation: Relationship to major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in females. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 162-178.
Shipherd, J. C., Stafford, J., Tanner, L. R. (2005). Predicting alcohol and drug abuse in Persian Gulf War veterans: What role do PTSD symptoms play? Addictve Behaviors, 30, 595-599.
Stewart, S. H., Conrod, P. J. (2003). Psychosocial models of functional associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. W: P. Ouimette, P. J. Brown (red.), Trauma and substance abuse. Causes, consequences and treatment of comorbid disorders (s. 29-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stewart, S. H., Pihl, R. O., Conrod, P. J., Dongier, M. (1998). Functional associations among trauma, PTSD, and substance-related disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 797-812.
Triffleman, E. G., Marmar, C. R., Delucchi, K. L., Ronfeldt, H. (1995). Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse inpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 172-176.
Volpicelli, J., Balarman, G., Hahn, J., Wallace, H., Bux, D. (2000). The role of uncontrollable trauma in the development of PTSD and alcohol addiction. Alcohol Research and Health, 23, 256-262.
Yehuda, R., Spertus, I. L., Golier, J. A. (2001). Relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and PTSD in adults. W: S. Eth (red.), PTSD in children and adolescents. Review of psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Zimmerman, M., Sheeran, T., Chelminski, I., Young, D. (2004). Screening for psychiatric disorders in outpatients with DSM-IV substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26, 181-188.
Ziółkowski, M. (1998). Zaburzenia lękowe w uzależnieniu alkoholowym. Lęk i Depresja, 3, 62-71.
Ziółkowski, M. (2004). Wybrane aspekty występowania zaburzeń depresyjnych u osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Dyskusje o Depresji, 24, 2-4.
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B. (2004). Anxiety and substance use disorders: Introduction to the special series. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 1-6.
Chilcoat, H. D., Breslau, N. (1998). Investigations of casual pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 827-840.
Cierpiałkowska, L. (2001). Alkoholizm – przyczyny, leczenie, profilaktyka. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Conrod, P. J., Stewart, S. H. (2003). Experimental studies exploring functional relations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. W: P. Ouimette, P. J. Brown (red.), Trauma and substance abuse. Causes, consequences and treatment of comorbid disorders (s. 57-71). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cottler, L. B., Compton, W. M., Mager, D., Spitznagel, E. L., Janca, A. (1992). Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 664-670.
De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Developmental traumatology: A contributory mechanism for alcohol and substance use disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 155-170.
Dragan, M. (2006). Przemoc w dzieciństwie a ryzyko nadużywania substancji psychoaktywnych w okresie adolescencji i dorosłości z perspektywy traumatologii rozwojowej. Psychologia- -Etologia-Genetyka, 14, 59-80.
Dragan, M., Lis-Turlejska, M. (2007). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in alcohol dependent patients in Poland. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 902-911.
Dragan, W. Ł., Polak, M. (2004). Czynniki genetyczne w etiologii współwystępowania zespołu stresu pourazowego i patologicznego używania substancji psychoaktywnych. Psychologia- -Etologia-Genetyka, 10, 121-128.
Evren, C., Can, S., Evren, B., Saatcioglu, O., Cakmak, D. (2006). Lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder in Turkish alcohol-dependent inpatients: Relationship with depression, anxiety and erectile dysfunction. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 77-84.
Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Hauf, A. C., Paradis, A. D., Wasserman, M. S., Langhammer, D. M. (2000). Comorbidity of substance use and post-traumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 253-262.
Greely, J., Oei, T. (1999). Alcohol and tension reduction. W: K. E. Leonard, H. T. Blane (red.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (s. 14-53). London: Guilford Press.
Heim, C., Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: Preclinical and clinical studies. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1023-1039.
Heitzman, J. (1995). Zespół stresu pourazowego – kryteria diagnostyczne, zastosowanie kliniczne i orzecznicze. Psychiatria Polska, 29, 751-766.
Helzer, J. E., Pryzbeck, T. R. (1987). The co-occurrence of alcoholism with other psychiatric disorders in the general population and its impact on treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 49, 219-224.
Hidalgo, R. B., Davidson, J. R. T. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Epidemiology and health- -related considerations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(suppl. 7), 5-13.
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S. [i in.] (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 19-30.
Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report on findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Kushner, M. G., Abrams, K., Borchardt, C. (2000). The relationship between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders: A review of major perspectives and findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 149-171.
Lang, A. R., Patrick, C. J., Stritzke, W. G. K. (1999). Alcohol and emotional response: A multidimensional-multilevel analysis. W: K. E. Leonard, H. T. Blane (red.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (s. 14-53). London: Guilford Press,
Lister, R. G., Gorenstein, C., Risher-Flowers, D., Weingartner, H. J., Eckhardt, M. J. (1991). Dissociation of the acute effects of alcohol on implicite and explicite memory processes. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1205-1212.
Lis-Turlejska, M. (1998). Traumatyczny stres: koncepcje i badania. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Psychologii PAN.
Lis-Turlejska, M. (2002). Stres traumatyczny. Występowanie, następstwa, terapia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Żak”.
McFarlane, A. C. (1998). Epidemiological evidence about the relationship between PTSD and alcohol abuse: The nature of the association. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 813-825.
Meisler, A. W. (1996). Trauma, PTSD, and substance abuse. PTSD Research Quarterly, 7, 1-6.
Mills, K. L., Lynskey, M., Teesson, M., Ross, J., Darke, S. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder among people with heroin dependence in the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS): Prevalence and correlates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 243-249.
Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Ross, J., Peters, L. (2006). Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. American Journal of Psychiatry, 4, 651-658.
Murdoch, D., Pihl, R. O., Ross, D. (1990). Alcohol and crimes of violence: Present issues. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 1065-1081.
Reynolds, M., Mezey, G., Chapman, M., Wheeler, M., Drummond, C., Baldacchino, A. (2005). Co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder in a substance misusing clinical population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 251-258.
Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Kilpatrick, D. G. (1995). Understanding comorbidity between PTSD and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations. Addictive Beha¬viors, 20, 643-655.
Saladin, M. E., Drobers, D. J., Coffey, S. F., Dansky, B. S., Brady, K. T., Kilpatrick, D. G. (2003). PTSD symptom severity as a predictor of cue-elicited drug craving in victims of violent crime. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1611-1629.
Samochowiec, J. (2002). Genetyka molekularna uzależnienia alkoholowego. W: J. Rybakowski, J. Hauser (red.), Genetyka molekularna zaburzeń psychicznych (s. 49-69). Kraków: Biblioteka Psychiatrii Polskiej.
Segman, R. H., Cooper-Kazaz, R., Macciardi, F., Goltser, T., Halfon, Y., Dobroborski, T. (2002). Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 903-907.
Shea, A., Walsh, Ch., MacMillan, H., Steiner, M. (2004). Child maltreatment and HPA axis dysregulation: Relationship to major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in females. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 162-178.
Shipherd, J. C., Stafford, J., Tanner, L. R. (2005). Predicting alcohol and drug abuse in Persian Gulf War veterans: What role do PTSD symptoms play? Addictve Behaviors, 30, 595-599.
Stewart, S. H., Conrod, P. J. (2003). Psychosocial models of functional associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. W: P. Ouimette, P. J. Brown (red.), Trauma and substance abuse. Causes, consequences and treatment of comorbid disorders (s. 29-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stewart, S. H., Pihl, R. O., Conrod, P. J., Dongier, M. (1998). Functional associations among trauma, PTSD, and substance-related disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 797-812.
Triffleman, E. G., Marmar, C. R., Delucchi, K. L., Ronfeldt, H. (1995). Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse inpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 172-176.
Volpicelli, J., Balarman, G., Hahn, J., Wallace, H., Bux, D. (2000). The role of uncontrollable trauma in the development of PTSD and alcohol addiction. Alcohol Research and Health, 23, 256-262.
Yehuda, R., Spertus, I. L., Golier, J. A. (2001). Relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and PTSD in adults. W: S. Eth (red.), PTSD in children and adolescents. Review of psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Zimmerman, M., Sheeran, T., Chelminski, I., Young, D. (2004). Screening for psychiatric disorders in outpatients with DSM-IV substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26, 181-188.
Ziółkowski, M. (1998). Zaburzenia lękowe w uzależnieniu alkoholowym. Lęk i Depresja, 3, 62-71.
Ziółkowski, M. (2004). Wybrane aspekty występowania zaburzeń depresyjnych u osób uzależnionych od alkoholu. Dyskusje o Depresji, 24, 2-4.
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B. (2004). Anxiety and substance use disorders: Introduction to the special series. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 1-6.
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