Towards a typology of conditionings
Abstract
The article contains the results of empirical studies concerning the diagnosis of social attitudes towards handicapped people and conditionings of these attitudes. By means of Sękowski's Scale of Attitudes Towards the Handicapped two extreme groups of people were selected: with negative attitudes and with positive ones. Next both groups were given a set of tests estimating the intelligence level, the level of creative abilities, preferences in the area of cognitive styles, preference of values and self-evaluation level. The study results revealed that people with positive attitudes towards the handicapped are characterized by higher intelligence, higher level of creative abilities, higher self-evaluation, they are more reflective, and they prefer social, moral, aesthetic and religious values. Factor analysis allowed distinguishing five factors that are predictors of positive attitudes and five factors that are predictors of negative attitudes towards handicapped people. This means that the type of the revealed attitude depends not only on individual personality traits but on configurations of those traits as well.
References
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Whiteman, M., Lukoff, I. F. (1962). Public attitudes toward blindness. New Outlook for the Blind, 56, 153-158.
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Zasępa, E. (2000). Cechy osobowości dzieci pełnosprawnych, a ich postawy społeczne wobec niepełnosprawnych rówieśników. Szkoła Specjalna, 4, 173-179.
Canter, F. M. (1963). The relationship between authoritarian attitudes toward mental patients and effectiveness of clinical work with mental patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19, 124-127.
Cloerkes, G. (1981). A prejudice against disabled persons determined by personality characteristics? Reviewing a theoretical approach on the basis of empirical research findings. International of R ehabilitation Research, 4, 35-46.
Feather, N. T. (1982). The context of values and attitudes. [W:] N. T. Teathers (red.), Expectations and actions. Expectancy - value in psychology. Hilsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Furnham, A., Pendred, J. (1983). Attitudes toward the mentally and physically disabled. British Journal of M edical Psychology, 56, 179-187.
Galbreath, J. A. (1972). An investigation of tolerance ambiguity and attitudes toward the disabled under condition of variated stimulus and situational ambiguity (Syracuse University, niepublikowana praca doktorska).
Harasymiw, S. J. (1971). Attitudes toward the disa b led with the function of prejudice toward minority groups, familiarity with the disability, age, sex and education (University of Connecticut, niepublikowana praca doktorska).
Harasymiw, S. J., Horne, M. D., Lewis, C. (1976). A longitudinal study of disability group acceptance. Rehabilitation Literature, 37, 98-102.
Horne, M. D, Ricciardo, J. L. (1988). Hierarchy of response to handicaps. Psychological Reports, 62, 83-86.
Jaffe, J. (1966). Attitudes of adolescents toward the mentally retarded. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 70, 907-912.
Kang, Y. W. (1976). Attitudes towards blindness and people among theological and education students (University of Pitsburg, niepublikowana praca doktorska).
Klimasiński, K. (1976). Cechy osobowości a postawy wobec inwalidów. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 19, 71-84.
Klimasiński, K. (1987). Postawy widzących wobec niewidomych. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 1-2, 33-40.
Levine, D. (1972). A cross-national study of attitudes toward mental illness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 80, 111-114.
Li, A. K. (1985). Changing preservice teacher’s attitudes toward emotionally disturbed children. Canadian Journal of Special Education, 1,1, 73-82.
Mulford, C. L., Murphy, J. B. (1968). Selected correlates of the stigma associated with mental illness. Journal of Social Psychology, 74, 103-110.
Noonan, J. R., Barry, J. R., Davis, H. C. (1970). Personality determinants in attitudes toward visible disability. Journal of Personality, 38, 1-15.
Peterson, G. F. (1973). Certain factors related to the attitudes of normal children toward their educable mentally retarded peers (Boston University, School of Education, niepublikowana praca doktorska).
Sękowski, A. E. (1991). Osobowościowe uwarunkowania p o staw wobec ludzi niepełnosprawnych. Lublin: RW KUL.
Sękowski, A. E. (1994). Psychospołeczne determinanty p o staw wobec inwalidów. Lublin: UMCS.
Sękowski, A. E. (1996). Psychologiczne uwarunkowania zmian postaw wobec uczniów niepełnosprawnych. W: A. Januszewski, P. Oleś, W. Otrębski (red.), Studia z psychologii w KUL (t. 8). Lublin: RW KUL, s. 365-377.
Sękowski, A. E. (1998). Osobowość a postawy wobec osób niepełnosprawnych. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 4, 2, 105-119.
Sherr, R. L. (1970). Dogmatism as a factor in professional evaluation of persons with physical disabilities (University of Kansas, niepublikowana praca doktorska).
Shaw, M. E., Wright, J. M. (1967). Scales f o r the measurement of attitudes. New York: McGrow Hill.
Siller, J. (1962). Personality determinants of reaction to the physically handicapped. American Psychologist, 18, 338-347.
Siller, J. (1963). Reactions to physical disability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 7, 12-16.
Siller, J. (1964). Personality determinants of reaction to the physically disabled. American Fundation fo r the Blind Research Bulletin, 7, 37-52.
Siller, J., Chipman, A., Ferguson, L. T., Vann, D. H. (1967). Attitudes of the nondisabled toward the physically disabled: Studies in reactions to disability XII. New York: University School of Education.
Tseng, M. S. (1972). Attitudes toward the disabled - cross-cultural study. Journal of Social Psychology, 87, 311-312.
Westbrook, M. T., Legge, V., Pennay, M. (1993). Attitudes toward disabilities in a multi-cultural society. Social Science Medicine, 5, 615-623.
Whiteman, M., Lukoff, I. F. (1962). Public attitudes toward blindness. New Outlook for the Blind, 56, 153-158.
Witkowska, B. (2001). Osobowościowe uwarunkowania postaw wobec osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 44, 2, 239-254.
Yuker, H. E. (red.) (1988). Attitudes toward persons with disabilities. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Yuker, H. E. (1994). Variables that influence attitudes toward people with disabilities: Conclusions from the data. Special issue: Psychosocial perspectives on disability. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9 (5), 22.
Zasępa, E. (2000). Cechy osobowości dzieci pełnosprawnych, a ich postawy społeczne wobec niepełnosprawnych rówieśników. Szkoła Specjalna, 4, 173-179.
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