Towards an Integrated Science of Personality
Abstract
Making an integrated science of personality, according to the proposals of McAdams (1996; 2001) and McCrae (1996), demands that personality should be taken as an object of research and theoretical reflection from three complementary perspectives: 1) the perspective rooted in the biology of the structure of traits, 2) a characteristic style of adaptation and motivation, 3) the processes of conferring meanings and creating the history of life. The specific character of the knowledge of personality is at the first level reflected by the theory of traits and behavioral genetics; at the second level by psychodynamic, sociobiological, cognitive, and humanistic theories; at the third level by the theory of script, narrative and existential conceptions. The complementary character of various approaches to personality has been underlined here, signaling some difficulties of integration, including definitional problems, different assumptions and theses, especially among the framework of cognitive psychology and psychodynamic conceptions. Some arguments have been given on behalf of the interrelationship between the variables from three distinguished levels of cognition. A postulate has been formulated to establish a non-eclectic theory of personality at a higher level of generality, meta-theory, constituting a level of agreement for the scholars who make use of different conceptual systems, and allowing to translate the results achieved at various fields.
References
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Angyal, A. (1965). Neurosis and treatment: A holistic theory. New York: Wiley.
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Bandura, A. (1991). Self-regulation of motivation through anticipatory and self-reactive mechanisms. W: R. Dienstbier (red.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (vol. 38, s. 69-164). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L, Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647-670.
Binswanger, L. (1963). Being-in-the-world: Selected papers of Ludwig Binswanger. New York: Basic Books.
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Brown, J. D. (1993). Motivational conflict and the self: The double-bind of low self-esteem. W: R. F. Baumeister (red.), Self-esteem. The puzzle of low self-regard (s. 115-130). New York: Plenum Press.
Brown, J. D., McGill, K. L. (1989). The cost of good fortune: When positive life events produce negative health consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1103-1110.
Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cantor, N. (1990). From thought to behavior: ”Having” and ”doing” in the study of personality and cognition. American Psychologist, 45, 735-750.
Cantor, N., Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987). Personality and social intelligence. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Costa, P. T., Jr., McCrae, R. R. (1992). Reply to Eysenck. Personality and Individual Differencess, 13, 861-865.
De La Ronde, C., Swann, W. B., Jr. (1993). Caught in the crossfire: Positivity and self-verification strivings among people with low self-esteem. W: R. F. Baumeister (red.), Self-esteem. The puzzle of low self-regard (s. 147-165). New York: Plenum Press.
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Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058-1068.
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Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
Higgins, E. T. (1996). The “self digest”: Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1062-1083.
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Kelly, G. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: W. W. Norton.
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Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Łukaszewski, W. (1984). Szanse rozwoju osobowości. Warszawa: KIW.
Markus, H. R., Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969.
Maslow, A. H. (1986). W stronę psychologii istnienia. Warszawa: PAX.
May, R. (red.) (1969). Existential psychology. New York: Basic Books.
Mądrzycki, T. (1996). Osobowość jako system tworzący i realizujący plany. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
McAdams, D. P. (1994). The person: An introduction to personality psychology. Forth Worth: Hartcourt Brace College Publishers.
McAdams, D. P. (1996). Personality, modernity, and the storied self: A contemporary framework for studying persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 295-321.
McAdams, D. P. (20013). The person: An integrated introduction to personality psychology. Forth Worth: Hartcourt Brace College Publishers.
McCrae, R. R. (1996). Integrating the levels of personality. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 353-356.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebícková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kusdil, M. E, Woodfield, R., Saunders, P. R., Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173-186.
Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford.
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Obuchowski, K. (2000a). Człowiek intencjonalny, czyli o tym, jak być sobą. Poznań: REBIS.
Obuchowski, K. (2000b). Od przedmiotu do podmiotu. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Akademii Bydgoskiej im. Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Oishi, S., Schimmack, U., Diener, E., Suh, E. M. (1998). The measurement of values and individualism-collectivism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1177-1189.
Oleś, P. K. (2000a). Kontrowersje wokół „Wielkiej Piątki”. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 6, 7-18.
Oleś, P. K. (2000b). Psychologia przełomu połowy życia. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL.
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Pervin, L. A. (2002). Psychologia osobowości. Gdańsk: GWP.
Pervin, L. A., John, O. P. (20018). Personality: Theory and research. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Reykowski, J., Kochańska, G. (1980). Szkice z teorii osobowości. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Rotter, J. B. (1972). Applications of a social learning theory of personality. New York: Holt.
Schwartz, S. H. (1996). Value priorities and behavior: Applying a theory of integrated value systems. W: C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, M. P. Zanna (red.), The psychology of values: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 8 (s. 1-24). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publ..
Schwartz, S. H., Sagiv, L., Boehnke, K. (2000). Worries and values. Journal of Personality, 68, 309-346.
Sheldon, K. M., McGregor, H. A. (2000). Extrinsic value orientation and ”The tragedy of the commons”. Journal of Personality, 68, 383-411.
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Pyszczyński, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldview. W: M. Zanna (red.), Advances in experimental social psychology (t. 24, s. 93-159). New York: Academic Press.
Spielberger, C. D. (1966). The effects of anxiety on the complex learning and academic achievement. W: C. D. Spielberger (red.), Anxiety and behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
Swann, W. B. Jr. (1992). Seeking ”truth”, finding despair: Some unhappy consequences of a negative self-concept. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 15-18.
Thorne, A. (2000). Personal memory telling and personality development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 45-56.
Tomkins, S. S. (1987). Script theory. W: J. Aronoff, A. I. Rabin, R. A. Zucker (red.), The emergence of personality (s. 147-216). New York: Springer.
Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323-338.
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Van Kaam, A. (1966). Existential foundations of psychology. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
Weiner, B. (1992). Human motivation. Newbury Park: Sage.
White, R. W. (1975). Lives in progress. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979). Infant mother attachement. American Psychologist, 34, 932-937.
Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.
Angyal, A. (1965). Neurosis and treatment: A holistic theory. New York: Wiley.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1991). Self-regulation of motivation through anticipatory and self-reactive mechanisms. W: R. Dienstbier (red.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (vol. 38, s. 69-164). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L, Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647-670.
Binswanger, L. (1963). Being-in-the-world: Selected papers of Ludwig Binswanger. New York: Basic Books.
Block, J. H., Block, J. (1980). The role of ego control and ego resiliency in the organization of behavior. W: W. A. Collins (red.), Development of cognition, affect, and social relations (s. 39-101). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Boss, M. (1977). Existential foundations of medicine and psychology. New York: Aronson.
Brown, J. D. (1993). Motivational conflict and the self: The double-bind of low self-esteem. W: R. F. Baumeister (red.), Self-esteem. The puzzle of low self-regard (s. 115-130). New York: Plenum Press.
Brown, J. D., McGill, K. L. (1989). The cost of good fortune: When positive life events produce negative health consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1103-1110.
Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cantor, N. (1990). From thought to behavior: ”Having” and ”doing” in the study of personality and cognition. American Psychologist, 45, 735-750.
Cantor, N., Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987). Personality and social intelligence. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Costa, P. T., Jr., McCrae, R. R. (1992). Reply to Eysenck. Personality and Individual Differencess, 13, 861-865.
De La Ronde, C., Swann, W. B., Jr. (1993). Caught in the crossfire: Positivity and self-verification strivings among people with low self-esteem. W: R. F. Baumeister (red.), Self-esteem. The puzzle of low self-regard (s. 147-165). New York: Plenum Press.
Dittmann-Kohli, F., Westerhof, G. J. (2000). The personal meaning system in a life-span perspective. W: G. T. Reker, K. Chamberlain (red.), Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing human development across the life span (s. 107-122). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dodge, K. A. (1993). Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 559-584.
Dollard, J., Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058-1068.
Erikson, E. H. (1997). Dzieciństwo i społeczeństwo. Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy REBIS.
Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. W: L. A. Pervin (red.), Handbook of personality theory and research (s. 244-276). New York: Guilford Press.
Frankl, V. E. (1984). Homo patiens. Warszawa: PAX.
Freud, A. (1946). The ego and mechanisms of defense. New York: International Universities Press.
Freud, S. (1953). Three essays on sexuality. London: Hogart Press.
Fromm, E. (1978). Ucieczka od wolności. Warszawa: Czytelnik.
Gough, H. G. (1987). CPI. California Psychological Inventory: Administrator's Guide. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
Hartmann, H. (1964). Essays on ego psychology: Selected problems in psychoanalytic theory. New York: International Universities Press.
Hermans, H. J. M., Hermans-Jansen, E. (2000). Autonarracje: Tworzenie znaczeń w psychoterapii. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
Hermans, H. J. M., Kempen, H. J. G. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. San Diego: Academic Press.
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
Higgins, E. T. (1996). The “self digest”: Self-knowledge serving self-regulatory functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1062-1083.
Hogan, R. (1983). A socioanalytic theory of personality. W: M. Page, R. A. Dienstbier (red.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (s. 55-89). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Horney, K. (1976). Neurotyczna osobowość naszych czasów. Warszawa: PWN.
Horney, K. (1978). Nerwica a rozwój człowieka. Warszawa: PIW.
Johnston, C. S. (1995). The Rokeach Value Survey: Underlying structure and multidimensional scaling. The Journal of Psychology, 129, 583-597.
Jung, C. G. (1939). The integration of personality. New York: Farrar and Rinehart.
Kelly, G. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: W. W. Norton.
Kofta, M., Doliński, D. (2000). Poznawcze podejście do osobowości. W: J. Strelau (red.), Psychologia: Podręcznik akademicki (t. 2, s. 561-600). Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Kohnstamm, D., Mervielde, I. (1998). Personality development. W: A. Demetriou, W. Doise, C. F. M. Van Lieshout (red.), Life-span developmental psychology (s. 399-445). Chichester: J. Wiley and Sons.
Kozielecki, J. (1987). Transgresyjna koncepcja człowieka. Warszawa: PWN.
Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Łukaszewski, W. (1984). Szanse rozwoju osobowości. Warszawa: KIW.
Markus, H. R., Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969.
Maslow, A. H. (1986). W stronę psychologii istnienia. Warszawa: PAX.
May, R. (red.) (1969). Existential psychology. New York: Basic Books.
Mądrzycki, T. (1996). Osobowość jako system tworzący i realizujący plany. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
McAdams, D. P. (1994). The person: An introduction to personality psychology. Forth Worth: Hartcourt Brace College Publishers.
McAdams, D. P. (1996). Personality, modernity, and the storied self: A contemporary framework for studying persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 295-321.
McAdams, D. P. (20013). The person: An integrated introduction to personality psychology. Forth Worth: Hartcourt Brace College Publishers.
McCrae, R. R. (1996). Integrating the levels of personality. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 353-356.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebícková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kusdil, M. E, Woodfield, R., Saunders, P. R., Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173-186.
Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford.
Nuttin, J. (1984). Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Hilsdale: Erlbaum.
Obuchowski, K. (2000a). Człowiek intencjonalny, czyli o tym, jak być sobą. Poznań: REBIS.
Obuchowski, K. (2000b). Od przedmiotu do podmiotu. Bydgoszcz: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Akademii Bydgoskiej im. Kazimierza Wielkiego.
Oishi, S., Schimmack, U., Diener, E., Suh, E. M. (1998). The measurement of values and individualism-collectivism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1177-1189.
Oleś, P. K. (2000a). Kontrowersje wokół „Wielkiej Piątki”. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 6, 7-18.
Oleś, P. K. (2000b). Psychologia przełomu połowy życia. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL.
Pervin, L. A. (1994). A critical analysis of current trait theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 103-113.
Pervin, L. A. (2002). Psychologia osobowości. Gdańsk: GWP.
Pervin, L. A., John, O. P. (20018). Personality: Theory and research. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Reykowski, J., Kochańska, G. (1980). Szkice z teorii osobowości. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Rotter, J. B. (1972). Applications of a social learning theory of personality. New York: Holt.
Schwartz, S. H. (1996). Value priorities and behavior: Applying a theory of integrated value systems. W: C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, M. P. Zanna (red.), The psychology of values: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 8 (s. 1-24). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publ..
Schwartz, S. H., Sagiv, L., Boehnke, K. (2000). Worries and values. Journal of Personality, 68, 309-346.
Sheldon, K. M., McGregor, H. A. (2000). Extrinsic value orientation and ”The tragedy of the commons”. Journal of Personality, 68, 383-411.
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Pyszczyński, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldview. W: M. Zanna (red.), Advances in experimental social psychology (t. 24, s. 93-159). New York: Academic Press.
Spielberger, C. D. (1966). The effects of anxiety on the complex learning and academic achievement. W: C. D. Spielberger (red.), Anxiety and behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
Swann, W. B. Jr. (1992). Seeking ”truth”, finding despair: Some unhappy consequences of a negative self-concept. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 15-18.
Thorne, A. (2000). Personal memory telling and personality development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 45-56.
Tomkins, S. S. (1987). Script theory. W: J. Aronoff, A. I. Rabin, R. A. Zucker (red.), The emergence of personality (s. 147-216). New York: Springer.
Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323-338.
Uchnast, Z. (1993). Metodologiczne problemy w psychologii humanistycznej. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace psychologiczne, 9, 59-74.
Van Kaam, A. (1966). Existential foundations of psychology. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
Weiner, B. (1992). Human motivation. Newbury Park: Sage.
White, R. W. (1975). Lives in progress. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
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