Assertiveness in Children and Adolescents: Theoretical Problems and Methods of Measurement
Abstract
The paper deals with the theoretical issues related with the problems of assertiveness and its studies in children and adolescents. Assertiveness is treated as one of the basic social skills, which makes it possible for a person to act in conformity with his or her own interest, to defend his or her rights without unnecessary fear or to express one’s own beliefs, emotions and thought in a frank, open and direct manner, without encroaching upon others’ rights. Assertive behaviour is linked with a good mood and mental well being. Now aggressiveness or submissiveness are opposite to assertiveness. Many psychological methods draw on to this distinction, including the methods of self-assessment.
- Bandura’s social-cognitive theory is especially useful in explaining assertive behaviour. It lays theoretical foundations for the programmes of training social skills.
A review of methods includes: R. Deluty’s Children’s Action Tendency Scale (CATS), L. Michelson’s and R. Wood’s Children’s Assertive Behaviour Scale (CABS) as adapted by M. Oles, Adolescent Assertion Expression Scale (AAES) by J. Connor et al., and T. Ollendick’s Children’s Assertiveness Inventory (CAI).
Methodological problems of assertiveness measurement have been discussed on the basis of several examples of scales, with a view to their possibilities and limitations, and how they can be used under Polish conditions.
References
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Arrindell W. A., Van der Ende J. (1985). Cross-sample invariance of the structure of self-re- portted and difficulty in assertiveness. Experiences with the Scale for Interpersonal Behaviour. Advances Behaviour Research Therapy, 7, 205-243.
Argyle M. (1994). Social skills. W: Companion Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 1. London: Routledge, s. 454-481.
Bandura A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Barrett D. E., Yarrow M. R. (1977). Prosocial behavior, social inferential ability, and assertiveness in children. Child Development, 48, 475-481.
Beck J. G., Heimberg R. G. (1983). Self-report assessment of assertive behavior: A critical analysis. Behavior Modification, 1, 451-487.
Becker R. E., Heimberg R. G. (19883). Assessment of social skills. W: A. S. Bellack, H. Her- sen (red.), Behavioral assessment: A practical handbook. New York: Pergamon Press, s. 365-395.
Bellack A. S., Hersen M. (1977). Behavior modification: An introductory textbook. Baltimore: The Williams, Witkins Comp.
Beisert M., Pasikowski T., Sęk H. (1990). Konstrukcja kwestionariusza do badania asertywności. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 33, 815-829.
Bernard J. M. (1980). Assertiveness in children. Psychological Reports, 46, 935-938.
Bijstra J. O., Bosma H. A., Jackson S. (1994). The relationship between social skills and psycho-social functioning in early adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 767-776.
Bolsinger S. A., McMinn M. R. (1989). Assertiveness training and Christian values. Counseling and Values, 34, 21-32.
Bornstein M. R., Bellack A. S., Hersen M. (1977). Social-skills training for unassertive children: A multiple-baseline analysis. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 10, 183-195. Broad J., Burke J„ Byford S. R„ Sims P. (1986). Clinical application of the Children’s Action Tendency Scale. Psychological Reports, 59, 71-74.
Cialdini R. (1994). Wywieranie wpływu na ludzi: Teoria i praktyka. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Connor J. M., Dann, L. N., Twentyman C. T. (1982). A Self-report measure of assertiveness in young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 101-105.
Del Greco L., Breitbach L., McCarthy R. H. (1981). The Rathus assertiveness schedule modified for early adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 3, 321-328
Del Greco L., Breitbach L., Rumer S., McCarthy R. H., Suissa S. (1986). Further examination of the reliability of the modified Rathus Assertiveness Schedule. Adolescence, 21, 483-485.
Deluty R. H. (1979). Children’s Action Tendency Scale: A self-report measure of aggressiveness, assertiveness, and submissiveness in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 1061-1071.
Deluty R. H. (1981a). Alternative - thinking ability of aggresive, assertive, and submissive children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5, 309-312.
Deluty R. H. (1981b). Assertiveness in children: Some research considerations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10, 149-155.
Deluty R. H. (1981c). Adaptiveness of agressive, assertive, and submissive behavior for children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10, 155-158.
Deluty R. H. (1983). Children’s evaluations of aggressive, assertive, and submissive responses. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 124-129.
Deluty R. H. (1984). Behavioral validation of the Children’s Action Tendency Scale. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 6, 115-130.
Deluty R. H. (1985a). Consistency of assertive, aggressive, and submissive behavior for children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1054-1065.
Eisler R. (1976). The behavioral assessment of social skills. W: M. Hersen, A. S. Bellack (red.), Behavioral assessment: A practical handbook. New York: Pergamon Press, s. 369- -395.
Fensterheim H., Baer J. (1975). Don’t say yes when you want say no. New York: Dell Publishing.
Frączek A., Zumkley H. (1993) (red.), Socjalizacja a agresja. Warszawa: IPs PAN WSPS, s. 15-24.
Galassi J. P., DeLo J. S., Galassi M. D., Bastien S. (1974). The College Self-Expression Scale: A measure of assertiveness. Behavior Therapy, 5, 165-171.
Gambrill E. D., Richey C. A. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment and research. Behavior Therapy, 6, 550-561.
Gambrill E. D. (1977). Behavior modification: Handbook of assessment, intervention and evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publ.
Gaś Z. B. (1984). Treningi asertywności i agresywności. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 27, 433- -439.
Gebert K. (1979). Trening asertywności. W: M. Lis-Turlejska (red.), Nowe kierunki w psychoterapii. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa UW, s. 81-93.
Gilbert P., Allan S. (1994). Assertiveness, submissive behaviour and social comparison. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 295-306.
Goldberg C. J., Botvin G. J. (1993). Assertiveness Hispanic adolescents: Relationships to alcohol use and abuse. Psychological Reports, 73, 227-238.
Groot M., Prins P. (19B9). Children’s social behavior: Reliability and concurrent validity of twoseli-reportmeasmes.JournalofPsychopathologyandBehavioralAssessment, 11,195-207.
Groth-Marnat G. (1990). Handbook of psychological assessment. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Gross A. M., Wixted J. T. (1988). Assesment of child behavior problems. W: A. S. Bellack, M. Hersen (red.), Behavioral Assesment: A Practical Handbook. New York: Pergamon Press, s. 578-608.
Grzesiuk L. (1994). Studia nad komunikacją interpersonalną. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
Heimberg R. G., Montgomery D., Madsen C. H., Jr, Heimberg J. S. (1977). Assertion training: a review of the literature. Behavior Therapy, 8, 953-971.
Henderson M., Furnham A. (1983). Dimensions of assertiveness: Factor analysis of five assertion inventories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 14, 223-231.
Hoghughi H. (1992). Social skills problems. W: Assesing child and adolescents disorders. A practice manual. London: Sage Publ., s. 249-272.
Hops H. (1983). Children’s social competence and skill: Current research practices and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 14, 3-18.
Jakubowski-Spector P. (1973). Facilitating the growth of women through assertive training. The Counseling Psychologist, 4, 75-86.
Johnson C. C., Myers L., Webber L, S., Greenlund K. J., Berenson G. S. (1997). Assertiveness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12 (1), 243-255.
Kennedy E., Spence S., Hensley R. (1989). An examination of the relationship between childhood depression and social competence amongst primary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 561-573.
Król-Fijewska M. (1991a). Trening asertywności. Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii Zdrowia i Trzeźwości PTP.
Król-Fijewska M. (199 lb). Trening asertywności - metoda uczenia konstruktywnych zachowań. W: M. Lis-Turlejska (red.), Nowe zjawiska w psychoterapii. Warszawa: Agencja Wydawnicza Jacek Santorski, Co., s. 38-53.
Król-Fijewska M. (1992). Stanowczo, łagodnie, bez lęku czyli 13 wykładów o asertywności. Warszawa: INTRA.
Lange A., Jakubowski P. (1976). Responsible assertive behavior. Champaign: Research Press.
Lazarus A. A. (1973). On assertive behavior: A brief note. Behavior Therapy, 4, 697-699.
Lindenfield G. (19962). Asertywność. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Ravi.
Mansfield P. (1994). Jak być asertywnym. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka Wydawnictwo.
Mączyński J. (1991). Behawioralny, kognitywny i behawioralno-kognitywny trening asertywności. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 4, 619-629.
Michelson L., Andrasik F., Vucelic I., Coleman D. (1981). Temporal stability and internal reliability of measures of children’s social skill. Psychological Reports, 48, 678.
Michelson L., DiLorenzo T. M., Calpin J. P., Ollendick T. H. (1982). Situational determinants of the Behavioral Assertiveness Role-Play Test for Children. Behavior Therapy, 13, 724- -734.
Michelson L., Wood R. (1980). A group assertive training program for elementary school children. Child Behavior Therapy, 2, 1-9.
Michelson L., Wood R. (1982). Development and psychometric properties of the Children’s Assertive Behavior Scale. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 4, 3-13.
Michelson L., Sugai D. P., Wood R. P., Kazdin A. E. (1983), Social skills assessment and training with children. New York: Plenum Press.
Muszyńska-Hudemczuk A. (1998). Poziom asertywności u osób dorosłych o różnych cechach osobowości. Lublin: KUL (mps pracy magisterskiej).
Oleś M. (1996). Koncepcja siebie u dzieci asertywnych i nieasertywnych: submisyjnych i agresywnych. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 44, 4, 195-215.
Oleś M. (1997a). Elementy autodestrukcji w zachowaniach nieasertywnych i asertywnych u dzieci i młodzieży. W: P. Oleś (red.), Wybrane zagadnienia z psychologii osobowości. Lublin: TN KUL, s. 163-175.
Oleś M. (1997b). Psychologiczna analiza asertywności u dzieci. Lublin: KUL (mps pracy doktorskiej).
Ollendick T. H. (1983). Development and validation of the Children’s Assertiveness Inventory. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 5, 1-15.
Pospiszyl K. (1985). Psychopatia: Istota, przyczyny i sposoby resocjalizacji antysocjalności. Warszawa: PWN.
Ramanaiah N. V., Heerboth J. R., Jinkerson D. L. (1985). Personality and self-actualizing profiles of assertive people. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 430-443.
Rathus S. A. (1973). A 30-item schedule for assessing assertive behavior. Behavior Therapy, 4, 398-406.
Rees S., Graham R. S. (1995). Bądź sobą: Trening asertywności. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Rican P. (1995). Family values may be resposible for bullying. Studia Psychologica, 37, 31-36.
Rimm D. C., Masters J. C. (1994). Behavior therapy: Techniques and empirical findings. New York: Academic Press.
Scanlon E. M., Ollendick T. H. (1986). Children’s Assertive Behavior: The reliability and validity of three self-report measures. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 8, 9-21.
Sgk H. (1988). Rola asertywności w kształtowaniu zdrowia psychicznego. Ustalenia teoretyczne i metodologiczne. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 31, 787-808.
Smye M., Wine D. (1980). A comparison of female and male adolescents’ social behavior and cognitions: A challenge to the assertiveness literature. Sex Roles, 6, 213-230.
Swimmer G. I., Ramanaiah N. (1985). Convergent and discriminant validity of selected assertiveness measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 243-249.
Townend A. (1991). Jak doskonalić asertywność. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
Van Hasselt V. B., Hersen M., Whitehill M. B., Bellack A. S. (1979). Social skill assessment and training for children: An evaluative review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 413-437.
Van Hasselt V. B., Null J., Kempton T., Bukstein O. G. (1993). Social skills and depression in adolescent substance abusers. Addietive Behaviors, 18, 9-18.
Waas G. A., French D. C. (1989). Children’s social problem solving: Comparison of the Open Middle Interview and Children’s Assertive Behavior Scale. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 219-230.
Wills T., Baker E., Botvin G. (1989). Dimensions of assertiveness: Differential relationships to substance use in early adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 473-478.
Wise K. L., Bundy K. A., Bundy E. A., Wise L. A. (1991). Social skills training for young adolescents. Adolescence, 26, 233-241.
Wolpe J. (1969). The Practice of behavior therapy. New York: Pergamon Press.
Arrindell W. A., Van der Ende J. (1985). Cross-sample invariance of the structure of self-re- portted and difficulty in assertiveness. Experiences with the Scale for Interpersonal Behaviour. Advances Behaviour Research Therapy, 7, 205-243.
Argyle M. (1994). Social skills. W: Companion Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 1. London: Routledge, s. 454-481.
Bandura A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Barrett D. E., Yarrow M. R. (1977). Prosocial behavior, social inferential ability, and assertiveness in children. Child Development, 48, 475-481.
Beck J. G., Heimberg R. G. (1983). Self-report assessment of assertive behavior: A critical analysis. Behavior Modification, 1, 451-487.
Becker R. E., Heimberg R. G. (19883). Assessment of social skills. W: A. S. Bellack, H. Her- sen (red.), Behavioral assessment: A practical handbook. New York: Pergamon Press, s. 365-395.
Bellack A. S., Hersen M. (1977). Behavior modification: An introductory textbook. Baltimore: The Williams, Witkins Comp.
Beisert M., Pasikowski T., Sęk H. (1990). Konstrukcja kwestionariusza do badania asertywności. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 33, 815-829.
Bernard J. M. (1980). Assertiveness in children. Psychological Reports, 46, 935-938.
Bijstra J. O., Bosma H. A., Jackson S. (1994). The relationship between social skills and psycho-social functioning in early adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 767-776.
Bolsinger S. A., McMinn M. R. (1989). Assertiveness training and Christian values. Counseling and Values, 34, 21-32.
Bornstein M. R., Bellack A. S., Hersen M. (1977). Social-skills training for unassertive children: A multiple-baseline analysis. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 10, 183-195. Broad J., Burke J„ Byford S. R„ Sims P. (1986). Clinical application of the Children’s Action Tendency Scale. Psychological Reports, 59, 71-74.
Cialdini R. (1994). Wywieranie wpływu na ludzi: Teoria i praktyka. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Connor J. M., Dann, L. N., Twentyman C. T. (1982). A Self-report measure of assertiveness in young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 101-105.
Del Greco L., Breitbach L., McCarthy R. H. (1981). The Rathus assertiveness schedule modified for early adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 3, 321-328
Del Greco L., Breitbach L., Rumer S., McCarthy R. H., Suissa S. (1986). Further examination of the reliability of the modified Rathus Assertiveness Schedule. Adolescence, 21, 483-485.
Deluty R. H. (1979). Children’s Action Tendency Scale: A self-report measure of aggressiveness, assertiveness, and submissiveness in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 1061-1071.
Deluty R. H. (1981a). Alternative - thinking ability of aggresive, assertive, and submissive children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5, 309-312.
Deluty R. H. (1981b). Assertiveness in children: Some research considerations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10, 149-155.
Deluty R. H. (1981c). Adaptiveness of agressive, assertive, and submissive behavior for children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10, 155-158.
Deluty R. H. (1983). Children’s evaluations of aggressive, assertive, and submissive responses. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 124-129.
Deluty R. H. (1984). Behavioral validation of the Children’s Action Tendency Scale. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 6, 115-130.
Deluty R. H. (1985a). Consistency of assertive, aggressive, and submissive behavior for children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1054-1065.
Eisler R. (1976). The behavioral assessment of social skills. W: M. Hersen, A. S. Bellack (red.), Behavioral assessment: A practical handbook. New York: Pergamon Press, s. 369- -395.
Fensterheim H., Baer J. (1975). Don’t say yes when you want say no. New York: Dell Publishing.
Frączek A., Zumkley H. (1993) (red.), Socjalizacja a agresja. Warszawa: IPs PAN WSPS, s. 15-24.
Galassi J. P., DeLo J. S., Galassi M. D., Bastien S. (1974). The College Self-Expression Scale: A measure of assertiveness. Behavior Therapy, 5, 165-171.
Gambrill E. D., Richey C. A. (1975). An assertion inventory for use in assessment and research. Behavior Therapy, 6, 550-561.
Gambrill E. D. (1977). Behavior modification: Handbook of assessment, intervention and evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publ.
Gaś Z. B. (1984). Treningi asertywności i agresywności. Psychologia Wychowawcza, 27, 433- -439.
Gebert K. (1979). Trening asertywności. W: M. Lis-Turlejska (red.), Nowe kierunki w psychoterapii. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa UW, s. 81-93.
Gilbert P., Allan S. (1994). Assertiveness, submissive behaviour and social comparison. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 295-306.
Goldberg C. J., Botvin G. J. (1993). Assertiveness Hispanic adolescents: Relationships to alcohol use and abuse. Psychological Reports, 73, 227-238.
Groot M., Prins P. (19B9). Children’s social behavior: Reliability and concurrent validity of twoseli-reportmeasmes.JournalofPsychopathologyandBehavioralAssessment, 11,195-207.
Groth-Marnat G. (1990). Handbook of psychological assessment. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Gross A. M., Wixted J. T. (1988). Assesment of child behavior problems. W: A. S. Bellack, M. Hersen (red.), Behavioral Assesment: A Practical Handbook. New York: Pergamon Press, s. 578-608.
Grzesiuk L. (1994). Studia nad komunikacją interpersonalną. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
Heimberg R. G., Montgomery D., Madsen C. H., Jr, Heimberg J. S. (1977). Assertion training: a review of the literature. Behavior Therapy, 8, 953-971.
Henderson M., Furnham A. (1983). Dimensions of assertiveness: Factor analysis of five assertion inventories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 14, 223-231.
Hoghughi H. (1992). Social skills problems. W: Assesing child and adolescents disorders. A practice manual. London: Sage Publ., s. 249-272.
Hops H. (1983). Children’s social competence and skill: Current research practices and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 14, 3-18.
Jakubowski-Spector P. (1973). Facilitating the growth of women through assertive training. The Counseling Psychologist, 4, 75-86.
Johnson C. C., Myers L., Webber L, S., Greenlund K. J., Berenson G. S. (1997). Assertiveness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12 (1), 243-255.
Kennedy E., Spence S., Hensley R. (1989). An examination of the relationship between childhood depression and social competence amongst primary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 561-573.
Król-Fijewska M. (1991a). Trening asertywności. Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii Zdrowia i Trzeźwości PTP.
Król-Fijewska M. (199 lb). Trening asertywności - metoda uczenia konstruktywnych zachowań. W: M. Lis-Turlejska (red.), Nowe zjawiska w psychoterapii. Warszawa: Agencja Wydawnicza Jacek Santorski, Co., s. 38-53.
Król-Fijewska M. (1992). Stanowczo, łagodnie, bez lęku czyli 13 wykładów o asertywności. Warszawa: INTRA.
Lange A., Jakubowski P. (1976). Responsible assertive behavior. Champaign: Research Press.
Lazarus A. A. (1973). On assertive behavior: A brief note. Behavior Therapy, 4, 697-699.
Lindenfield G. (19962). Asertywność. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Ravi.
Mansfield P. (1994). Jak być asertywnym. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka Wydawnictwo.
Mączyński J. (1991). Behawioralny, kognitywny i behawioralno-kognitywny trening asertywności. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 4, 619-629.
Michelson L., Andrasik F., Vucelic I., Coleman D. (1981). Temporal stability and internal reliability of measures of children’s social skill. Psychological Reports, 48, 678.
Michelson L., DiLorenzo T. M., Calpin J. P., Ollendick T. H. (1982). Situational determinants of the Behavioral Assertiveness Role-Play Test for Children. Behavior Therapy, 13, 724- -734.
Michelson L., Wood R. (1980). A group assertive training program for elementary school children. Child Behavior Therapy, 2, 1-9.
Michelson L., Wood R. (1982). Development and psychometric properties of the Children’s Assertive Behavior Scale. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 4, 3-13.
Michelson L., Sugai D. P., Wood R. P., Kazdin A. E. (1983), Social skills assessment and training with children. New York: Plenum Press.
Muszyńska-Hudemczuk A. (1998). Poziom asertywności u osób dorosłych o różnych cechach osobowości. Lublin: KUL (mps pracy magisterskiej).
Oleś M. (1996). Koncepcja siebie u dzieci asertywnych i nieasertywnych: submisyjnych i agresywnych. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 44, 4, 195-215.
Oleś M. (1997a). Elementy autodestrukcji w zachowaniach nieasertywnych i asertywnych u dzieci i młodzieży. W: P. Oleś (red.), Wybrane zagadnienia z psychologii osobowości. Lublin: TN KUL, s. 163-175.
Oleś M. (1997b). Psychologiczna analiza asertywności u dzieci. Lublin: KUL (mps pracy doktorskiej).
Ollendick T. H. (1983). Development and validation of the Children’s Assertiveness Inventory. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 5, 1-15.
Pospiszyl K. (1985). Psychopatia: Istota, przyczyny i sposoby resocjalizacji antysocjalności. Warszawa: PWN.
Ramanaiah N. V., Heerboth J. R., Jinkerson D. L. (1985). Personality and self-actualizing profiles of assertive people. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 430-443.
Rathus S. A. (1973). A 30-item schedule for assessing assertive behavior. Behavior Therapy, 4, 398-406.
Rees S., Graham R. S. (1995). Bądź sobą: Trening asertywności. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
Rican P. (1995). Family values may be resposible for bullying. Studia Psychologica, 37, 31-36.
Rimm D. C., Masters J. C. (1994). Behavior therapy: Techniques and empirical findings. New York: Academic Press.
Scanlon E. M., Ollendick T. H. (1986). Children’s Assertive Behavior: The reliability and validity of three self-report measures. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 8, 9-21.
Sgk H. (1988). Rola asertywności w kształtowaniu zdrowia psychicznego. Ustalenia teoretyczne i metodologiczne. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 31, 787-808.
Smye M., Wine D. (1980). A comparison of female and male adolescents’ social behavior and cognitions: A challenge to the assertiveness literature. Sex Roles, 6, 213-230.
Swimmer G. I., Ramanaiah N. (1985). Convergent and discriminant validity of selected assertiveness measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 243-249.
Townend A. (1991). Jak doskonalić asertywność. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
Van Hasselt V. B., Hersen M., Whitehill M. B., Bellack A. S. (1979). Social skill assessment and training for children: An evaluative review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 413-437.
Van Hasselt V. B., Null J., Kempton T., Bukstein O. G. (1993). Social skills and depression in adolescent substance abusers. Addietive Behaviors, 18, 9-18.
Waas G. A., French D. C. (1989). Children’s social problem solving: Comparison of the Open Middle Interview and Children’s Assertive Behavior Scale. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 219-230.
Wills T., Baker E., Botvin G. (1989). Dimensions of assertiveness: Differential relationships to substance use in early adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 473-478.
Wise K. L., Bundy K. A., Bundy E. A., Wise L. A. (1991). Social skills training for young adolescents. Adolescence, 26, 233-241.
Wolpe J. (1969). The Practice of behavior therapy. New York: Pergamon Press.
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