Career Guidance for Unaccompanied Young Migrants. A Report on an Italian Experience
Abstract
Unaccompanied foreign minors are migrant children without their parents, relatives, or other adults. In Italy, especially in Sicily, an increasing number of young, non-European Union foreigners arrive daily in search of a new life and work opportunities. Despite this increasing phenomenon, interventions to support young migrants in career projects are infrequent and occasional within the host communities. With the aim of developing a career guidance intervention suitable for unaccompanied foreign minors, we propose a case study presenting a career guidance intervention for a group of unaccompanied foreign adolescents. The framework is the life design paradigm. The conductors of the activities were career counsellors, with the support of a cultural mediator and/or an educator. The setting of the interventions was individual and small groups. The instruments and procedures were predominantly qualitative. This paper includes a discussion of the strengths and weakness of this intervention, including the results of the post-intervention evaluation and the follow-up after one year.
References
Ambrosini, M. (2005). Sociologia delle migrazioni. Bologna, Italy: Il Mulino.
Ambrosini, M. (2006). Delle reti e oltre: processi migratori, legami sociali e istituzioni (Working papers del Dipartimento di Studi Sociali e Politici). Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Anderson, S. L., & Betz, N. E. (2001). Sources of social self-efficacy expectations: Their measurement and relation to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 98-117.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1996). Il senso di autoefficacia. Trent, Italy: Erikson.
Bandura, A. (2000). Autoefficacia: teoria e applicazioni. Trent, Italy: Erickson.
Barone, L. (2016). L’accoglienza dei Minori Stranieri Non Accompagnati. Tra norma giuridica e agire sociale. Vicalvi, Italy: Editore Key.
Bean, T., Eurelings-Bontekoe, E., Mooijaart, A., & Spinhoven, P. (2006). Factors associated with mental health service need and utilization among unaccompanied refugee adolescents. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33(3), 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-006-0046-2
Besozzi, E., & Colombo, M. (2009). Tra formazione e lavoro. Giovani stranieri e buone pratiche nel sistema della formazione professionale regionale. Rapporto 2008. Milan, Italy: Fondazione Ismu.
Blustein, D. L. (2001). Extending the reach of vocational psychology: Toward an inclusive and integrative psychology of working. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 171–182.
Blustein, D. L. (2006). The psychology of working: A new perspective for career development, counselling, and public policy. London, England: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Blustein, D. L. (2013). The Oxford handbook of the psychology of working. Oxford, England: University Press.
Boerchi, D. (2018). ESPaR – European Skills Passport for Refugees: il bilancio di competenze per rifugiati politici. Paper presented at XVIII Convegno SIO. Il contributo dell’orientamento e del counseling all’Agenda 2030, on 21–23 June 2018, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
Boerchi, D., & Magnano, P. (2015). Iconographic professional interests inventory (3IP): A new validation study. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(4), 571–596. http://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i4.927
Bosisio, R. (2011). Diritti e bisogni dei giovani migranti. Una ricerca empirica sulle opinioni e percezioni dei minori stranieri non accompagnati. Materiali per una storia della cultura giuridica, 1, 235-252.
Çelikaksoy, A., & Wadensjö, E. (2016). Mapping experiences and research about unaccompanied refugee minors in Sweden and other countries. IZA Discussion Paper No. 10143. Institutute for the Study of Labour, Bonn, Germany.
Chiesi, A. M., & Zucchetti, E. (Eds.). (2005). Immigrati imprenditori: Il contributo degli extracomunitari allo sviluppo della piccola impresa in Lombardia. Milan, Italy: Egea.
Derluyn, I., & Broekaert, E. (2008). Unaccompanied refugee children and adolescents: The glaring contrast between a legal and a psychological perspective. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(4), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.06.006
Di Nuovo, S., & Magnano, P. (2013). Competenze Trasversali e Scelte Formative. Strumenti per Valutare Metacognizione, Motivazione, Interessi e Abilità Sociali per la Continuità tra Livelli Scolastici. Trent, Italy: Erickson.
European Commission. (2015). EU Youth Report. Retrieved from www.ec.europa.eu
Ferrari, L., Nota, L., & Soresi, S. (2008). Conceptions of work in Italian adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Career Development, 34(4), 438-464.
Ferrari, L., & Sgaramella, T. M. (2014). Un salto nel mondo del lavoro. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia dell’Orientamento, 14(2), 1-8.
Giovannetti, M. (2000). Minori stranieri in movimento: percorsi e pratiche tra integrazione e devianza. Quaderni Città Sicure, 2(21), 297-408.
Giovannetti, M. (2002). Minori non accompagnati: racconti di viaggi, speranze, miserie. Analisi dei percorsi e strategie di intervento. In G. Favaro & M. Napoli (Eds.), Come un pesce fuor d’acqua (pp.125-156). Milan, Italy: Guerini e Associati.
Giovannetti, M. (2007). Storie minori. Percorsi di accoglienza e di esclusione dei minori stranieri non accompagnati. I Quaderni Cesvot, 36, bimonthly of Centro Servici Volontariato Toscana, Italy.
Giovannetti, M. (2008). Percorsi di accoglienza e di esclusione dei minori non accompagnati. Diritto, immigrazione e cittadinanza, 2, 1000-1021.
Guerra, V., & Brindle, D. (2018). Promoting the social inclusion of migrant children and young people. The duty of social services (European Social Network report). Retrieved from https://www.esn-eu.org/sites/default/files/publications/25.01.2018_VGReview_Migration_Report_Final.pdf
Guha-Sapir, D., Vos, F., Below, R., & Ponserre, S. (2012). Annual disaster statistical review 2011: the numbers and trends. Louvain, Belgium: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters.
Hughes, G. (2014). Finding a voice through ‘The Tree of Life’: A strength-based approach to mental health for refugee children and families in schools. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 19(1), 139-153.
Huemer, J., Karnik, N. S., Voelkl-Kernstock, S., Granditsch, E., Dervic, K., Friedrich, M. H., & Steiner, H. (2009). Mental health issues in unaccompanied refugee minors. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 3(1), 13.
ISMU Foundation (2018). Ventriquattresimo Rapporto sulle migrazioni 2018. Milan, Italy: Franco Angeli.
Lent R. W., Brown, S.D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1986). Comparison of three theoretically derived variables in predicting career and academic behavior: Self-efficacy, interest congruence, and consequence thinking. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 293-298.
Long, J. (2018). Tutori volontari di minori stranieri non accompagnati. Materiali per l’informazione e la formazione. Milan, Italy: Wolters Kluwer.
Labour and Social Policies Ministry. (2018). Report mensile minori stranieri non accompagnati (MSNA) in Italia. Retrieved from https://www.lavoro.gov.it/temi-e-priorita/immigrazione/focus-on/minori-stranieri/Pagine/Dati-minori-stranieri-non-accompagnati.aspx
Magnuson, S., & Shaw, H. E. (2003). Adaptations of the multifaceted genogram in counseling, training, and supervision. The Family Journal, 11(1), 45-54.
McWhirter, E. H. (1997). Perceived barriers to education and career: Ethnic and gender difference. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 124-140.
Ncube, N. (2006). The Tree of Life Project: Using narrative ideas in work with vulnerable children in Southern Africa. The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work, 1, 3–16.
Okiishi, R. W. (1987). The genogram as a tool in career counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 66, 139-143.
Oppedal, B., Guribye, E., & Kroger, J. (2017). Vocational identity development among unaccompanied refugee minors. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 60, 145-159.
Passevant, E. O., & Marcos, F. B. (2008). Unaccompanied foreign minors and delinquency: A retrospective study of influence of psychosocial variables. International e-journal of criminal sciences, 2, 1-23.
Piazza, R., Magnano, P., & Zammitti, A. (2017). Career giudance in multicultural context. An italian case study. In R. G. Sultana, Career Guidance and Livelihood Planning across the Mediterranean. Challenging Transitions in South Europe and the MENA Region (pp.351-370). Rotterdam, Netherlands: SensePublisher.
Richardson, M. S. (2012). Counseling for work and relationship. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(2), 190-242.
San Juan, C., Bermejo, F., & Ocáriz, E. (2007): Foreign juvenile offenders in Germany, Italy, France and Spain: Theories, profiles and notes for a social policy. International Annals of Criminology, 45, 77-97.
Savickas, M. L, Nota, L., Rossier, J., Dauwalder, J-P., Duarte, M.E., Guichard, J., Van Esbroeck, R., & Van Vianen, A. E. (2009). Life designing: A paradigm for career construction in the 21st century. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 239-250.
Soresi, S., & Nota, L. (2010) Alcune procedure qualitative per il career counselling. In L. Nota & S. Soresi (Eds.), Sfide e Nuovi Orizzonti per l’Orientamento. Metodologie e Buone Pratiche. Florence, Italy: Giunti OS.
Soresi, S., Nota, L., & Wehemeyer, M. L. (2011). Community involvement in promoting inclusion, participation, and self-determination. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 15, 15-28.
Szymanski, E. M. (2000). Disability and vocational behavior. In T. R. Elliott & R. G. Frank (Eds.), Handbook of rehabilitation psychology (pp. 499-517). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Szymanski, E. M., & Hershenson, D. B. (2005). An ecological approach to vocational behaviour and career development of people with disabilities. In E. M. Szymanski, J. B. Patterson, & R. M. Parker (Eds.), Rehabilitation counselling: basic and beyond (4th ed., pp. 225-280). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Thomas, S., & Byford, S. (2003). Research with unaccompanied children seeking asylum. Journal of BMJ, 327(7428), 1400–1402.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2002). Special feature on the 50th Anniversary of the Convention. http://www.unhcr.org/1951convetion/index.html
Vacchiano, F. (2012). Minori che migrano soli. Strategie di movimento e progetti di confinamento. In S. Saquella & S. Volpicelli (Eds.), Migrazione e Sviluppo: una nuova relazione? (pp. 99-123). Rome, Italy: Nuova Cultura.
Vervliet, M., Meyer DeMott, M. A., Jakobsen, M., Broekaert, E., Heir, T., & Derluyn, I. (2014). The aspirations of Afghan unaccompanied refugee minors before departure and on arrival in the host country. Childhood, 55, 33-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568214533976
Vondracek, E. W., & Skorikov V. B. (1997). Leisure, school, and work activity preferences and their role in vocational identity development. Career Development Quarterly, 45, 322-340.
Zammitti, A., Magnano P., & Giammarinaro L. (2017). Pratiche qualitative per l’orientamento professionale di Minori Stranieri Non Accompagnati (MSNA). In Oxfam Italia (Eds.), Itinerari in costruzione. Casebook – Strumenti e percorsi per l’orientamento con i migranti (pp. 33-41). Florence, Italy: Editore Theleme.